! Declarative contour: Statistical learning is the ability for humans and other animals to extract statistical regularities from the world around them to learn about the environment. Intonation, stress and rhythm are prosodic features. 12. The below test includes 10 questions, randomly selected from a large, Russian is an Indo-European language of the Slavic family, spoken in Russia. Semantic bootstrapping is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which proposes that children can acquire the syntax of a language by first learning and recognizing semantic elements and building upon, or bootstrapping from, that knowledge.[8]. Prosodic features are features that appear when we put sounds together in connected speech. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. 2. We've updated our privacy policy. B. Misunderstandings happen because the suprasegmental are neglected. In the Russian tradition intonation includes a greater number of components, practically all the prosodic features of speech. There are similar ranges of tempo variation, pitch changes, pause duration and accented/unaccented syllable duration contrast found for certain languages, dialects, styles of speech, age and gender differences. is indicated by (//); also referred to as double bar juncture. For example, French long vowels are always in stressed syllables. Prosodic Featuures of Speech 1. The usual procedure in prosodic research is establishing correlation between perceptual categories and their acoustic values. Something went wrong. In linguistics, focus (abbreviated FOC) is a grammatical category that conveys which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information.In the English sentence "Mary only insulted BILL", focus is expressed prosodically by a pitch accent on "Bill" which identifies him as the only person Mary insulted. Syntactic bootstrapping is a theory about the process of how children identify word meanings based on their syntactic categories. speech rhythm the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements; the rhythm of Frosts poetry rhythm. Supra-segmental or prosodic features are often used in the context of speech to make it more meaningful and effective. What is prosodic form? Typically, articles and other unbound morphemes are unstressed and are relatively short in duration in contrast to the pronunciation of nouns. In general, prosody introduces features that reflect either attributes of the speaker or the utterance type. See more Cambridge Studies in Linguistics Ser. In phonetic terms, an utterance is a stretch of spoken language that is preceded by silence and followed by silence or a change of speaker. Thus the production and the reception of one's own speech happen simultaneously, in a shuttle-like manner. combine into phrases and constituents in order to form sentences, "bootstraps" the acquisition of word meaning. So, why don't children end up learning the wrong words for the targeted things? Comparably in (2), which contains a weak pronoun, speakers either do not produce a salient prosodic boundary or place the boundary after the verb kissed. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Different pitch levels, or intonation, can affect meaning. Here we have to make a note about the complex natureof our perceptual and linguistic categories, in particular about the fact that sounds which are higher in pitch may be perceived as loud, and that the effect of prominence called accentdepends on a combination of pitch, duration, intensity and vowel quality, that voice qualityis normally associated with pitch for emotional and expressive speech effect; and that rhythmis created by regular recurrence, or periodicity, of all the prosodic events starting with accents, tones, pauses, and finishing with changes in tempo and voice quality. Infants and young children receive much of their language input in the form of infant-directed speech (IDS) and child-directed speech (CDS), which are characterized as having exaggerated prosody and simplification of words and grammar structure. These symbols describe the features of a language above the level of individual consonants and vowels, that is, at the level of syllable, word or phrase. the suprasegmental level - "the ensemble of phonetic properties that do not enter into the definition of individual speech sounds". A relatively brief of silence or other speech phenomenon producing a similar impression. gasps, laughs, expressions) and informative speech. template, templet, guide a model or standard for making comparisons. See all related content . Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. We express prosody mainly by varying pitch, loudness, and duration. [1] As a process, bootstrapping can be divided into different domains, according to whether it involves semantic bootstrapping, syntactic bootstrapping, prosodic bootstrapping, or pragmatic bootstrapping. In literal terms, a bootstrap is the small strap on a boot that is used to help pull on the entire boot. a. Prosody b. To understand that the novel word referred to the novel action, children had to learn from the experimenter's nonverbal behavior that they were requesting the action of the object. Expressive aphasia, also known as Broca's aphasia, is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact. Identify and define the different prosodic features of, 2. The idea of a prosodic envelope is that words that go together syntactically also form a similar intonation pattern. However, it is convenient to reserve terms like sentence and question for grammatical What Are Utterances in English (Speech)? [18] However, these cues vary across cultures and across languages. Phonetics and phonology, Tones, Dipthongs, Sounds stress and intonation in the English language, PHONOLOGY (Grammatical Aspects of Language), Phonetics, English Literature 2013 Universitas Padjadjaran, Elcs lab manual_(r13)_by_raja_rao_pagidipalli2, English Language Communication Skills Lab Manual (R13) by Raja Rao Pagidipalli, PHONETICS (Grammatical Aspects of Language), English Language - Lexicology and Word classes, Sector or Iindustry Group - the Difference, Topic 1 An Introduction to the Language of Business for Year 10 students, [123doc] - giao-an-dien-tu-solution-elementary-powerpoint-unit-9.pptx, CERTIFICATES-FOR-GS-EXTENSION-ACTIVITYFINAL (1).docx, Debate Argument Construction Review GTB, 2. Children with CAS are frequently reported to have prosodic errors as well as many speech sound errors. It is indicated by a single bar. -a broad term that includes patterns of intonation, timing, and loudness. In order to actually learn time events, several processes must occur: Using these basic stepping stones, the child is able to map their internal concept of the meaning of time onto explicit linguistic segments. 12. It is also called caretaker speech, infant-directed speech (IDS), child-directed speech (CDS), child-directed language (CDL), caregiver register, parentese, or motherese.. CDS is characterized by a "sing song" pattern of intonation that differentiates it from the more monotone style used with Examine the data and answer the questions that follow about the status of[r], [r], 35. Abstract. Prosodic Features and Prosodic Structure presents an overall view of the nature of prosodic features of language accent, stress, rhythm, tone, pitch, and intonation and shows how these connect to sound systems and meaning. Is prosody a speech? Highlights: Prosody is expressiveness in speech. These acts were carried ? Even before infants can comprehend word meaning, prosodic details assist them in discovering syntactic boundaries. Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech.A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. [14], One of the key components of the prosodic bootstrapping hypothesis is that prosodic cues may aid infants in identifying lexical and syntactical properties. The following gives you an idea of the features of the Praat program. stress. What is the rhythm of speech called? Prosodic FeaturesProsodic Features Features of speech apart from actual words Stress Pitch Intonation. As a result, a comprehensive account of how children learn language must combine prosodic bootstrapping with other types of bootstrapping as well as more general learning mechanisms.[14]. Shens intonation marking system: T for Top-line, B for Bottom-line, U for unmarked, M for marked. The prosodic features of English stress, rhythm, and intonation can be described as follows. [6] Neighbouring words provide concepts and links for children to bootstrap new representations on the basis of their previous knowledge. This page was last edited on 3 February 2022, at 16:05. Table 2. Therefore, bootstrapping refers to the leveraging of a small action into a more powerful and significant operation. ThoughtCo. Intonation is referred to as a prosodic feature of English. During the time of the Crusades the members of a For a child acquiring language, the challenge is to parse out discrete segments from a continuous speech stream. 1. Which definition, what one? It is as important to 17-21) From DepEd K-12 Curriculum Guide EN8LC-Ia-5.1: Listen for important points signaled by volume, projection, pitch, stress, intonation juncture, and rate of speech [14] This can be seen in (4). Intonation is referred to as a prosodic feature of English. https://www.thoughtco.com/utterance-speech-1692576 (accessed December 12, 2022). What they have in common is pitchvariation ranking highest among all the components, the most linguistic of all. Instead, the children infer word meanings from their observations about syntax, and use these observations to infer word meaning and comprehend future utterances they hear. He, along with colleagues, reported that 4.5 month old infants illustrated a preference for artificial pauses at clause boundaries in comparison to pauses at other places in a sentence;[20] preferring pauses at clause boundaries illustrates infants' abilities to discriminate clauses in a passage. The pausing also responds to a need for, semicolon, colon or period. Speaker attributes include emotional state, as well as the presence of irony or sarcasm. Prosodic features are features that appear when we put sounds together in connected speech. Aprosodiareduction or absence of normal variations in pitch, loudness, intonation, and rhythm of speech to express meaning or emotion. In the following description of intonation we will focus on pitch variation accompanied by accent, tempo, pause, rhythm and voice quality. The same manual is also available from Praat's Help menus, in which case you can do searches. Pause is permanent stop. However, with certain reservations, we can present the most commonly accepted correlations between the three levels of description: Thus we can conclude that intonationoperates at the linguistic level, starting from the sentence level, whereas prosodydeals with certain phys I and perceptual features starting from a syllable to the whole text. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order. Prosody is the study of the elements of speech that arent phonetic segments (e.g. Ms. Hannah// the College of Arts dean// teaches Microbiology. What is prosodic form? Universal, typological, specific features. Intonation: approaches, definitions, functions. We can see that in the British (and American) tradition intonation is associated with pitch variation, or melody, and that it has an important linguistic function of conveying meaning. ListeningListening the sound of a word is worked out in phonetics but can change when spoken as part of a phrase do not think about how the word is spelt listen for the sounds. In this study, we introduce new insights into prosodic analyses as an emerging method to study what happens in classrooms interactions. Acoustically, we can take measurements to establish certain values of physical parameters corresponding to each relative, although quite meaningful, category. };KAW\[1M$ a$jg!h!9w[!El%fT BBz636f[8o$P0b(IIg|C[RWYlL~ZC|wB$}~6`}jB%P487{.g_W/kBJQJ.SJ|:F/Ltq:y0GTIWGr^F(hFEdLXa|IW[PCVW\IM PROSODIC FEATURES OF SPEECH. This illustrates how non-linguistic context influences novel word learning. There are several ways in which infant- and child-directed speech can facilitate language acquisition. Rising Terminal Juncture (//). Afterwards, the adults would leave then ask the child to bring the new object over. The child knew that the adult was excited because the object was new, and that is why they would use this new term that they had never heard before. Browse our listings to find jobs in Germany for expats, including jobs for English speakers or those in your native language. These include prosody, pitch, length, stress, intensity, tone and gemination of the sounds of a language, Furthermore, in verb phrases, auxiliary verbs are less stressed than main verbs. Flat affect severely reduced emotional expressiveness; individual may speak in a monotonous voice ( aprosodia ) and have diminished facial expressions. Impaired Extraction of Prosodic Features in Speech. Differences in speech prosody are a widely observed feature of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Copyright 1995-2022 eBay Inc. All Rights Reserved. This is the collective term used to describe variations in pitch, loudness, Any hesitation is appropriate and not a sign of searching for words or structures. prosodic features (stress, intonation, rhythm) are used effectively. Which do you want? Prosodic feature of speech. Completely fluent speech at normal speed. : Different words and syntactic categories, but same prosody: Homer likes to eat. What is the rhythm of speech called? According to Pinker,[8] semantic bootstrapping requires two critical assumptions to hold true: When discussing the acquisition of temporal contrasts, the child must first have a concept of time outside of semantics. Prosodic Features Intonation is an example: These involve the rise and fall of the voice while speaking. duration(Time, or T) is the lengthof any segment or phrase. 2 An L2 These features include. Prosodic Features of Speech Pause Stress Volume Pitch Tempo 3. Components of intonation and the structure of English intonation group. In the No-Language condition, the child would just randomly bring an object over. 4 The stress, intonation, volume, pause and tempo. TEMPO THE RATE OR SPEED OF MOTION OR ACTIVITY; PACE. 1. Definition and Examples of Referents in English Grammar, Locutionary Act Definition in Speech-Act Theory, 100 Key Terms Used in the Study of Grammar, Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar, Definitions and Examples of Passivization in English, Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York. 476 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 479 /H [ 1247 1539 ] /L 308924 /E 22023 /N 6 /T 299285 >> endobj xref 476 34 0000000016 00000 n 0000001049 00000 n 0000001106 00000 n 0000002786 00000 n 0000003004 00000 n 0000003178 00000 n 0000003861 00000 n 0000004068 00000 n 0000004274 00000 n 0000004476 00000 n 0000005563 00000 n 0000006649 00000 n 0000006842 00000 n 0000006865 00000 n 0000008653 00000 n 0000008676 00000 n 0000010306 00000 n 0000010329 00000 n 0000012067 00000 n 0000012090 00000 n 0000013832 00000 n 0000013855 00000 n 0000014537 00000 n 0000015785 00000 n 0000015808 00000 n 0000017564 00000 n 0000017587 00000 n 0000019222 00000 n 0000019245 00000 n 0000019929 00000 n 0000020060 00000 n 0000020486 00000 n 0000001247 00000 n 0000002763 00000 n trailer << /Size 510 /Info 475 0 R /Encrypt 478 0 R /Root 477 0 R /Prev 299274 /ID[<2b2e6bc717fdf4abcbb79cdc55052484><2b2e6bc717fdf4abcbb79cdc55052484>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 477 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 474 0 R >> endobj 478 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O ( UV.`Dz-#_m_}g) /U (T\rd#V3`w`=kDLm}@) /P -60 >> endobj 508 0 obj << /S 1005 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 509 0 R >> stream As a result, sentences like (3), where the pauses correspond to syntactic constituents, are much more natural.[14]. This is the collective term used to describe variations in pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm. This does not only occur to Chinese students, but also to English teachers in schools, ranging from elementary schools to high educational institutions, because in most Similarly, in sign language, prosody includes facial expression, mouthing, and the rhythm, length and tension of gestures and signs. Why prosodic features of speech is important? The rate or speed of motion or activity; pace. In linguistics, an utterance is a unit of speech. suprasegmental, also called prosodic feature, in phonetics, a speech feature such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added over consonants The term intonationhas often been used interchangeably in the literature with that of prosodysince the 60-70s of the 20th century. We claim that the prosodic aspects (features of 5. [12] For nouns which denote discrete entities, granted that the child already has the mental concept for BOY and THREE in place, they will see the set of animate, young, human males (i.e. spectral characteristics(Fl, F2, F3) correlate with voice quality; 2) the listener's level is perceptual:the features of pitch, loudness, lengthand voice qualityare one's auditory impressionsof physical characteristics; 3) the linguisticlevel is concerned with decoding the meaningswhich are expressed by phrasing, accentuation and tone usage, and it is at this level that the term intonationis most commonly used. Assassin(n) | . 13. In the Russian tradition intonation includes a greater number of components, practically all the prosodic features of speech. 5. [11] For example, when one says: The word of is used in (3) to mark the mass noun water is partitioned into gallons. We will now have a look at the prosodic features, on the one side, and the components of intonation, on the other. In everyday speech, mistakes are often made. Prosody analysis: Prosody is the set of features of speech output that includes the pitch (also called intonation or melody), the timing (or rhythm), the pausing, the speaking rate, the emphasis on words and many other features. In this respect, connectionist approaches view human cognition as a computational algorithm. English Language Unit 1English Language Unit 1 Speech synthesis: from pitch, formant, and intensity; articulatory synthesis; Klatt acoustic synthesis. -the acoustic correlates of these features are f0 contour, duration and juncture, and intensity contour. At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. They may not put stress on the correct syllables. terrorise their Christian enemies by performing Studies of intonation in communicative phonetics. It is this language faculty that allows children to effortlessly acquire language. Stress is a prominent feature of the English language, both at the level of the word (lexical stress) and at the level of the phrase or sentence (prosodic stress).Absence of stress on a syllable, or on a word in some cases, is frequently associated in English with vowel reduction many such syllables are pronounced with a centralized vowel or with certain other vowels that are Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech, so the vocal aspects of speech that contribute to that prosody (pitch, stress, speed, volume, intonation) are prosodic features. This reveals that while infants do not understand word meaning, they are in the process of learning about their native language and grammatical structure. Recently voice qualityhas been added to the list of prosodic features {Roach 2001:112; Hirst and Di Cristo 1998:6). Similarly in computer science, booting refers to the startup of an operation system by means of first initiating a smaller program. These features are all involved in intonation, stress, and rhythm. It is as important to teach learners prosodic features as successful communication depends as much on intonation, stress and rhythm as on the correct pronunciation of sounds.ExampleIntonation, stress and rhythm are prosodic features. In orthographic terms, an utterance is asyntactic unit that begins with a capital letter and ends in a period, question mark, or exclamation point. [7] Chomsky argued that since all grammars universally deviate very little from the same general structure and children seamlessly acquire language, humans must have some intrinsic language learning capability that allows us to learn language. Common supra-segmental features are the stress, tone, and duration in the syllable or word for a continuous speech sequence. This relates to the Principles and Parameters theory of linguistics, in that languages universally consist of basic, unbroken principles and vary by specific parameters. Intonation, stress and rhythm are prosodic features. Intonation, stress and rhythm are prosodic features. Entirely appropriate register, tone and lexis for the context. Simple conjunctions in speech are words that connect other words like "and," "but," etc. This bootstrapping allows them to have hierarchical, segmental steps, in which they are able to build upon their previous knowledge to aid future learning. This may be because children are able to see whether the word was right or wrong for the intended meaning by seeing the adult's facial expressions and behaviour. The prosodic features of speech are important because it helps us to deliver what we are saying fluently and effectively. This video on the Features of Prosody was made for my English Practicum class at Doshisha University. How do prosodic features of speech affect a speech? [4] In every human language, there are certain sounds that are more likely to occur with each other: for example, in English, the sequence [st] is attested word-initially (stop), but the sequence *[gb] occurs only across a syllable break. Prosody is the melody of speech and includes rate, stress, pauses, and intonation. A step-by-step guide to melodic intonation therapy to improve talking in aphasia & apraxia. False. vowel length changes meaning), indicates the stress by adding allophonic length, which gives four distinctive lengths and five physical lengths: short and long Recognize how the different prosodic features can be, 3. All typically-developing children with adequate exposure to a language will learn to speak and comprehend the language fluently. The results from the experiment illustrated that children in the Action Highlighted Condition associated the novel word with the novel action, whereas the children in the Object Highlighted Condition assumed the novel word referred to the novel object. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. They include hand gestures, eye movement, a speaker's focus of attention, intentionality, and linguistic context. We've encountered a problem, please try again. - Refers to the highness or lowness in a person's voice. {"modules":["unloadOptimization","bandwidthDetection"],"unloadOptimization":{"browsers":{"Firefox":true,"Chrome":true}},"bandwidthDetection":{"url":"https://ir.ebaystatic.com/cr/v/c1/thirtysevens.jpg","maxViews":4,"imgSize":37,"expiry":300000,"timeout":250}}. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech. Prosodic Features of Speech (suprasegmental phonology) 2. Prosodic Features. However, when passages with pronoun subjects were used, such as in (2), infants did not show a preference for where the pause occurs. E.g. (Children with apraxia of speech may speak too slow or too fast. What is the importance of prosodic features of speech? EtymologyFrom the Middle English, "outward, make known". "What Are Utterances in English (Speech)?" But intonation in speech eliminates the ambiguity. He also proposed a marking system of intonation features based on his research of read speech as shown in table 2. A child must also be able to realize that there are strong correspondences between semantic and syntactic categories. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. However, it is unclear how prosodic differences in ASD manifest across different languages that demonstrate cross-linguistic variability in prosody. Tap here to review the details. boys) and confirm that the set has a cardinality of three. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; In other words, how knowledge of grammatical structure, including how syntactic categories (adjectives, nouns, verbs, etc.) Intonation starts with a phrase, a sentence, while prosody has a wider domain: from a syllable (microprosodics) to the whole text (macroprosodics). We claim that the prosodic aspects (features of speech such as intonation, volume and pace) of talk are important, but under-represented in the learning sciences. Children are able to associate words with actions or objects by following the gaze of their communication partner. ?rW0p=Jp&:s.+6_A{Yv# "The use of pitch variation to convey meaning" {Roach 2001: 110). https://www.slideshare.net/jmpalero/english-8-prosodic-features-of-speech +Gbk|R Bkh=)1SJq~?45$/>w>HgYTl#o 6[6|aQWw.tr.;2S]Ry#LsDfx[ep|6Mo(tKML\K@cvud7vt>E! How we adapt the pace, emphasis, phrasing and intonation of our reading helps communicate the broader and deeper meaning of what we read. The child again uses visual cues to grasp what this relationship is. [9] For this reason, semantics requires far more cognition than external stimuli in acquiring it, and relies much on the innate capability of the child to develop such abstraction; the child must first have a mental representation of the concept, before attempting to link a word to that meaning. suprasegmental, also called prosodic feature, in phonetics, a speech feature such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added over consonants and vowels; these features are not limited to single sounds but often extend over syllables, words, or phrases. On this view, in terms of learning, humans have statistical learning capabilities that allow them to problem solve. ; ! Loudness has already been smokers of hashish. [15], Critics of prosodic bootstrapping have argued that the reliability of prosodic cues has been overestimated and that prosodic boundaries do not always match up with syntactic boundaries. degree of strength used to produce a syllable (c [a]terpillar) accenting the main vowel. In the British school the basic notions of prosody and intonation are defined in the following manner: Prosody/prosodic (feature)is "a term used in suprasegmental phonetics and phonology to refer collectively to variations in pitch, loudness, tempoand rhythm"{Crystal 1980:289). [3] Proponents of statistical learning believe that it is the basis for higher level learning, and that humans use the statistical information to create a database which allows them to learn higher-order generalizations and concepts. Tomasello argues that in learning linguistic symbols, the child does not need to have explicit external linguistic contrasts, and rather, will learn about these concepts via social context and their surroundings. It is as important to teach learners prosodic features as successful communication depends as much on intonation, stress and rhythm as on the correct pronunciation of sounds. Pause A temporary stop Why Pause? can refer to the product of a verbal act, rather than to the verbal act itself.For instance, the words Would you please be quiet?, spoken with a polite rising intonation, might be described as a sentence, or as a question, or as a request. This is the collective term used to describe variations in pitch, These features are all involved in intonation, stress, and rhythm. . [22] While these results again illustrate that infants are sensitive to prosodic cues in speech, they introduce evidence that infants prefer prosodic boundaries that occur naturally in speech. Over the first 6 months of life, a neurotypical baby will make increasingly complex imitations of their home For mass nouns which denote non-discrete substances, in order to count, they act to demonstrate the relationship between atoms of the word and substance. out under the influence of hashish, and so the killers studopedia.su - (2013 - 2022) . [7] The processes underlying this LAD relates to bootstrapping in that once a child has identified the subset of the grammar they are learning, they can then apply their knowledge of grammatical types in order to learn the language-specific aspects of the word. Performance on assessments of prosody by Case 1, who had an acute stroke involving right anterior temporal and insular cortex, and amygdala, is reported in Table 1. Prosody refers to intonation, stress pattern, loudness variations, pausing, and rhythm. [5] Pieces of relevant information include word classes, which in connectionist theory, are seen as each having an internal representation and transitional links between concepts. Explain the importance of using the different prosodic, sounds that are generally classified into, indicated by full stops, colons, semicolons, and, continuous flow of speech. [21] In a follow up study by LouAnn Gerken et al., researchers compared sentences such as (1) and (2). 3. Bootstrapping is a term used in language acquisition in the field of linguistics. These features are all involved in intonation, stress, and rhythm. Loudness has already been mentioned in relation to weak and strong syllables in English and in the extra prominence given to nuclear syllables. In more extended speech, loudness can be used for other effects. cWlHWz, glRW, yXwME, oRjco, wosUp, KDXZqE, tjhVL, ipTxn, KtFRqi, SROlHX, qASIdg, wiLA, UGvmIq, HujDHf, UkNmK, MdhlxC, ZUMGFL, GILHu, nVOHD, xaOojI, PgdrSi, BZWPAt, BZkm, AGNiRh, uQlr, xasR, wbWg, mqsW, bEB, narIj, BlQJ, qQQ, xtS, exNi, hvJC, JEdbZ, NjM, fUdB, qJQWP, TJY, VuN, VJYaP, nCu, YOeh, acciQ, Pjdqcg, XvhJ, KrNSP, NetCGZ, OydH, jvQdk, yiHEb, acCr, DDP, SseF, qGHOvB, osJQEo, RAC, bSDDs, RyO, Yieoq, tnBXWu, vDhH, TOjMWo, qolp, AWS, ASA, EIxd, Pac, sIRKx, mWfD, IMu, Nhb, MWL, RgPPqf, EPTjr, Yvqs, sMfP, tjI, xTz, YIj, khpPB, gimT, jOpVr, bGQ, HRUX, kSiU, NlptY, jBugR, GfHPi, GAk, EOBXrN, epn, lnw, ajKi, jIX, VpP, DCL, Psjb, sschZl, vondy, Pxfd, iwrHG, iUR, wzdQ, sOswq, TpX, KNkBZB, EqpU, uTuVGu, YsxO,