It is the language of testing, and of most instruction and student-teacher interaction. Without a doubt, fostering young dual language learners development of English and also of their home languages is a major challenge. Put the book down when your child shows she is totally uninterested. Taking part can develop your child's reading ability, comprehension, and language skills. Encourage oral language practice via conversations with adults and peers. Describing what you are doing or what you see your child doing helps them turn words into phrases and eventually sentences. Learn about and purchase the best books and resources to support young children's learning and development. It could also improve your child's interest in reading, attitude towards reading, and focus. Are you one of the many teachers today with children in their classrooms who speak a number of different languages and are just beginning to learn English? Ask the local childrens librarian for help finding high quality, authentic childrens literature, videos and non-fiction resources in the needed languages. Use books to build vocabulary. I think thats just really important to help families realize that its essential to continue home-language development. . Contact us with your questions-- we're here to help! Celebrate young children and their families with hands-on activities encouraging movement and healthy lifestyles through music, food, and art. Many experts believe that growing up bilingual is beneficial for both children who are DLLs and for all children in general. Rubrics Are No Way to Teach Writing, 'Gas' Is the Latest App to Catch Fire With Kids. A recent survey found one in ten children has speech and language needs. The importance of your child being taught in their home language is that they will understand better at school and will be more comfortable when learning. both English and their home language in all content areas (literacy, math, outdoor play, etc.). Starting in the early years, the holistic approach to education is about a balance between the home, the environment and the developing child. All Head Start staff, and policy makers will want to understand what these young dual language learners (DLLs) need in order to thrive in Head Start and beyond. Children and parents who share the same language are able to interact with each other in more meaningful ways. Teachers most often use this model when they are not proficient in the childrens home languages. The home languages of the children in Ding's family child care program include Spanish, English, and Vietnamese. Encourage your child to speak their mother . The opinions expressed in Classroom Q&A With Larry Ferlazzo are strictly those of the author(s) and do not reflect the opinions or endorsement of Editorial Projects in Education, or any of its publications. For most of us, this learning starts with the family at home. Popular Searches:DAP;Coping with COVID-19;E-books;Anti-Bias Education;Online Store. Terms such as limited English proficient and movements such as English only do a huge disservice to students, as they fail to realize the strength that students bring with their home language and culture. 1. Child development is a process every child goes through. National Centers: Next, teachers should learn and use important words and phrases in the child's home language. Come back to the book later. Transform your classroom into a rich setting with areas for children to talk and play, and with spaces for both quiet and active learning and small group interactions. Learn about NAEYCs informed positions on significant issues affecting young childrens education and development. A student should learn and practice reading skills first in the language that they are stronger in. Speech, language and communication skills are crucial to young children's overall development. May 1, 2020. In the February/March 2019 issue, well explore strategies for fostering conversations and interactions with children who are dual language learners. develop and maintain relationships. Understand the physical milestones children will experience. Telegraphic speech, at around 18-22 months, is the development of two-word phrases. He shares his classroom-tested, research-supported strategies on his blog, EmpoweringELLs.com with the hopes of adding to teachers instructional toolkits: Some school adopt philosophies that are focused on learning with technology, while others adopt those that focus on technology integration. 13 June, 2017. Children who speak home languages other than English make up at least one third of Head Start enrollment. and Linguistic Responsiveness, /wp-content/uploads/module_media/dll_media/audio/dll_p03_pp.mp3. Families can share important information that can in turn be used to enhance their childrens learning. The childs identity is rooted in that language. Become an organizational or corporate partner to inspire early childhood education at the local and national level. Sharing resources with families about the importance and value in maintaining the home language. A personal meeting is much more effective than sending home a questionnaire or having an informal conversation. Clearly, educators have the responsibility of addressing the needs of this growing student population, including nurturing the precious linguistic and cultural diversity they bring into the classroom. This is a great model for supporting emergent bilingual children, but it is most feasible when all of the children speak the same home language (e.g., Spanish). Carola Oliva-Olson is an associate professor at California State University Channel Islands. Larry Ferlazzo is an English and social studies teacher at Luther Burbank High School in Sacramento, Calif. Get the latest education news delivered to your inbox daily. Listen as Robert Stechuk and Patsy Pierce discuss some of the reasons it is important to maintain a child and familys home language. 1. But in superdiverse classrooms, thats unlikely to be the case. Its titled Classroom Management Q&As: Expert Strategies for Teaching. Ackerman, D. & Tazi, Z. (Use an online translation tool, like Google Translate, and ask parents to help with specific words.) In life. The goal is for students to use their L1 intentionally to access English. . Copyright 2022 Vanderbilt University. It Can Be Messy But Also Thrilling, The Pandemic May Have Eased, But There's No Going Back for Districts, Want to Become a Better Teacher? The same philosophy is true for home language (HL) integration. Login to the Early Learning Accreditation Portal to take charge of your accreditation process. A child begins to develop language even before she can use words, as seen by a baby who cries to get her needs met. Recent research into the development and acquisition of early literacy skills has conclusively shown that rhythm and rhyme play a hugely important role. Teachers play a key role in children's language development. The classroom buzzes with new songs and phrases in English and sometimes words of comfort in each language. She hosts a resource website, Language Castle: This question has special importance for teachers working with birth - age 5 populations because these are the children that have not yet fully developed in either/any of their languages. They know information in the language that was used to teach them that information. Families can share songs, rhymes, and dichos (playful sayings) in all the languages of the children; they can also help stock the dramatic play area and art center with clothing and cultural artifacts from each childs background. Teachers support a child's development in a positive environment that enables a child's natural curiosity about the world. According to research, parents should focus on the words on the page while reading with their preK reader (Evans, Shaw . The difference between the two is the degree to which technology is seen as a fun activity versus an intentional tool for learning. Early childhood and special education professionals can support the maintenance of home languages by collaborating with families. Written by Kids At Max - Speech Pathologist. Each culture has great heroes that help shape the mindset of its members. She chooses related books in all three languages and prepares materials for the children to use in creating a food truck in the dramatic play area. It's the single most important factor in their reading at age 11 and can predict exam results at school leaving age. It supports the ability of your child to communicate, and express and understand feelings. It also supports your child's ability to: express and understand feelings. The home language of our English Learners plays a major role in the development of their academic identity and overall educational success. Families are often eager to help supply the classroom with items from their home that represent family and cultural traditions, such as examples of artwork, empty food boxes, pictures, etc. A new series of handouts from the Office of Head Starts National Center on Cultural and Linguistic Responsiveness highlights the importance of home language in childrens development, and how this can be supported in the home, classroom, and community. They speak more than 140 languages and are enrolled in 87 percent of all Head Start programs. Learning and using these words and phrases together as a class can create community and provide insight into cultures. There are many benefits to embracing and drawing from a students home language. Instead, schools should be embracing the richness that students bring, and fostering a positive climate that helps to bolster their cultural identity. The way to understand that importance is the recognition that all the developmental domains are connected. Theyre bringing that really strong base of language into school that then can translate and be the basis for further language learning. Please feel free to leave a comment with your reactions to the topic or directly to anything that has been said in this post. It is important to preserve and develop a child's home language for their cultural, linguistic and social development. Parent: (Hands the child the apple) "You want apple". So if families stop speaking the language they are strongest in then that could hinder the ongoing development of the relationship and would definitely hinder the home-language development of the child. For a description of specific supports to use, see the POLL strategies described in this article. During these important formative years, kids develop critical vocabulary and decoding skills. It impacts familial and social relationships, personal identity, the socio-economic world, as well as cognitive abilities and academic success. Many parents have experienced prejudice because of their lack of English proficiency. Objective Understand the importance of supporting a childs home language in the classroom and of involving families in decisions about how to support their childs language development. Using picture cards is an effective way of creating a two way communication between child and practitioner and even parent is used in a communal area. Talk to your child about what you are seeing, what you are doing, and how things feel. Learn why supporting your child with home language conversation . Offering an immersion experience helps students connect the language learning to their everyday lives, but rote vocabulary memorization and grammar drills create 'meaning-less' language lessons. Communicate with them in the languages they are most comfortable speaking (you may need to use an interpreter). Ignite and fulfill your professional development goals! Karen Nemeth, Ed.M. "Children who go to school with a solid foundation of their mother tongue develop literacy abilities in the language of instruction at school.". Research shows that English plays a dominant role in schools and. The key message for me is that programs can clearly state to families that their home language is important. Some of the most influential theories are reviewed below. Socially responsible and empathetic children . Studies have shown that children who eat breakfast have higher test scores, retain information better and tend to have more focus than those who do not. (For a sample interview about family languages and interests, see below.) These seven components are: 1: Morphology (the way words are formed). The importance of language development. Understanding these benefits and the monumental role culture and language play in the academic identity and success of English Learners must be a priority for all educators. The linguistic and cultural diversity offered by our English learners has not been valued as an asset or a resource by many in the educational communities. It means learners get more involved in the learning process and speeds up the development of basic literacy skills. We do know, however, that children who are immersed too early in English are likely to lose some of their home language proficiency. Breakfast and academic performance. Supporting Your Child's Literacy Development at Home Take part in literacy experiences at home. And that, as the child learns English over time, they can transfer that knowledge from the home language into English. Seeing and hearing home languages can make school a safer place To encourage students to see connections between their languages and, thus, to better understand how languages are structured and organized, talk to ELLs about their home language ask them: How is the home language the same and how it is different from English? The childs metalinguistic observations and understandings are developing in that language. Read about NAEYC's DAP framework for high quality education. This is the first of two articles offering strategies for teaching children in classrooms where a variety of home languages are spoken. The first three years of a child's life are the most important for developing speech and language. As the school year progresses, be sure to keep families involved in the classrooms storybooks, themes, and learning concepts. Note: This article builds on Many Languages, One Teacher: Supporting Language and Literacy Development for Preschool Dual Language Learners, by Elizabeth S. Magruder, Whitcomb W. Hayslip, Linda M. Espinosa, and Carola Matera, in the March 2013 issue of Young Children. Select a piece of the pie to get started. Based on feedback we received from teachers, we expanded the strategies we described in that article to more fully support young dual language learners in attaining the benefits of full bilingualism. reassure parents that maintaining and developing their home language will benefit their children and support their developing skills in English. Our role is to teach students to . The childs thinking skills are developing in that language. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Thanks to Rosa, Tan, Karen and Sarah for their contributions! Rosa Isiah, Ed. Getting it right for the future Families can better support their children using the strategies and techniques that early childhood and special education professionals share with them. Why What You Do at Home Is So Important at School. There are a number of ways teachers and families can help young DLLs learn their home language and a second language. Research shows that the quantity and quality of teacher interactions is critical in supporting young children to learn. This series of handouts is designed to provide staff and families with basic information on topics related to children learning two or more languages. Teaching at Home. Children who continue to receive support in their home language at home and at school not only maintain their home language, but seem to experience no negative impact on their English language development. When teaching early years (children aged 3 to 6), it's important to note that some children are just starting their English language learning journey, while others are already . This includes: Following instructions (simple and multi-step) Understanding language concepts (ie. In addition to these cognitive and academic reasons, teachers should also consider that supporting a childs home language is beneficial to his identity development and self-esteem. In addition to these cognitive and academic reasons, teachers should also consider that supporting a child's home language is beneficial to his identity development and self-esteem.. Display family photos, books, artifacts, and posters and other visuals from all the childrens cultural backgrounds throughout the classroom at childs-eye level and in learning centers. If the message to families is, Your language isnt important then it negates all those important connections, and it really prevents the child from continuing to develop their identity, their thinking skills, their metalinguistic awareness, et cetera. Enhance your career and improve your knowledge, skills, and practices with our in-person and online training. How to listen, look, help, and encourage while you and . Explore key early childhood topics such Developmentally Appropriate Practice, play, and math. Welcoming environment It is important that the child and the family are made to feel as welcome as possible. Encouraging children to learn English whilst appreciating their home language is important to development in all areas and to gain confidence and become active learners. Try reaching out in different ways, such as frequently sending home two-way journals for families to read, write in, and return; having regular small-group coffee chats with parents before the school day; emailing, texting, and holding frequent casual conversations at pick up and drop-off; and scheduling oneon- one conversations. Ideas such as a visual timetable and labelling everyday objects help children with basic noun . Most children learn these skills, called developmental milestones, during predictable time periods. Prefill your email content below, and then select your email client to send the message. She has leadership roles in NAEYC, NABE, and TESOL. Stay up-to-date on issues in early childhood education and hear perspectives from a wide range of educators. Children learn from what adults say and from how adults respond to their communicative efforts. The U.S. Department of Education estimates that 4.5 million English learners are enrolled in public schools across the U.S. (CDE, 2016). Children need parents to be their reading role models with daily practice in order to navigate successfully through beginning literacy skills. The series recommends telling stories, singing songs, and reading books in the home language. Student Motivation & Social Emotional Learning. Stay up to date with research-based, teacher-focused articles on birth to age 8 in our award-winning, peer-reviewed journal. You need concrete strategies you can use to support childrens language development in both English and their home languages. It supports your child's ability to communicate. In our increasingly diverse country and globally connected society, development of two or more languages provides critical short and long-term benefits. Join NAEYCs team and help us advance the education of young children across the country. Research has consistently shown that good speech and language skills have a huge impact on educational attainment, and when considering the importance of supporting children's communication in the early years some of the most eye-catching findings are worth restating: Vocabulary at age five is a very strong predictor of the qualifications . Involving yourself in your children's education gives them a sense of belonging and responsibility within the community. They speak more than 140 languages and are enrolled in 87 percent of all Head Start programs. Strategies, tips, and activities to help your child develop as a reader from preschool through adolescence. There is now more and more known about how important children's language is at age five. Linda M. Espinosa an emeritus professor of early childhood education at the University of Missouri, Columbia, was a co-principal investigator for the Center for Early Care and Education ResearchDual Language Learners at the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. There is growing evidence to suggest that supporting a child's home language while learning English fosters: the potential to develop bilingually a sense of belonging and confidence higher levels of achievement in English in the long run a strong foundation for learning, which assists with the development of English as an additional language. Literacy development is a life-long process. In the February/March 2019 issue of TYC, well share even more strategies for linguistically appropriate instruction. Speech is a vocalised language and is a verbal communication which is the act of speaking. Physical Development. Deepen your professional knowledge wherever you are with NAEYCs exciting webinar series and online and face-to-face training opportunities. They will also want to know how to . You can also find a list of, and links to, previous shows here. There are many different theories about how children acquire language. ), The English language development with home language support model. Being able to speak clearly and process speech sounds, to understand others, to express ideas and interact with others are fundamental building blocks for a child's development. It can also help if parents use the name of the language (for example, Mandarin or Cantonese), when speaking in this language to their child. Read more from this blog. Home-school collaboration: When schools communicate with families in the home language: Families can better support their children using the strategies and techniques that early childhood and special education professionals share with them. Families, aides and learners can help with readings and translation. But if you use the strategies outlined in this article, you can partner with families and create a responsive environment that supports each child and encourages learning. According to research studies examined by Kate Menken, bilingual children "who are able to develop and maintain their home languages in school through bilingual education are likely to outperform their counterparts in English-only programs and experience greater academic success" (" [Dis]Citizenship or Opportunity?" Support our efforts to secure a bright future for young children, educators, and families. , Place environmental print in all the childrens home languageseveryday objects like magazines, food packaging, commercial products, etc.throughout play areas and the classroom. Ms. Kenzi is reading The Pout-Pout Fish to her class of four-year-olds. For this reason, the role of each childs home language in the preschool and kindergarten classroom is critical. Interviews and ongoing communication also provide perfect opportunities for you to invite parents and other family members to volunteer in the classroom! When you create a warm, nurturing environment, one that welcomes children and families, you send the message that you value and respect them, their language, and their culture. This is because children's early literacy skills are about listening and speaking rather than reading and writing. Carefully placed pictures and labels help children see and interact with key words and items from all their cultures. * For refund and privacy policy information visit our Help & Support page. Sarah is a doctoral candidate in Education at George Mason University (Editors Note: You can read an interview I did with Sarah about her new book here): Many times, when students enter school, they are met with a deficit model of bilingualism. Your reminders will reinforce families awareness of the importance and benefits of their using the home language in everyday activities, having rich conversations with their children, reading, telling stories, and playing. It gives them a clear and consistent plan for when and how to use English and when and how to use the childrens languages. Explore accreditationofearly childhood higher education programs, discover the accreditation system standards, and view a list ofaccredited programs. Create a "bilingual" learning environment through materials, labelling, and other strategies and learn a few helpful phrases to fit with daily routines in the child's home language. This process involves learning and mastering skills like sitting, walking, talking, skipping and tying shoes. For this, we do not yet have definitive, research-based answers. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Some strategies to help families understand the value and benefits of maintaining the home language include: The IRIS Center Peabody College Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37203 iris@vanderbilt.edu. In, a paper from ETS, Ackerman and Tazi (2015) reviewed the research and reported a growing number of studies showing that supporting a young childs learning of and learning in their home language is an effective way to build English competency. Start by gathering information about each childs experience in the home language and in English. | 1310 L St. NW, Suite 900 | Washington, D.C. 20005 | (202) 906-8000, Copyright 2022 by the Center for Law and Social Policy, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Work-Based Learning and Subsidized Employment, Year-End Congressional Priorities to Advance Economic Equity, Opportunity, ARPA Saved Child Care, But Recovery Requires Significant Federal Funding. Engage in activities at home. Both work well with our POLL strategies. Language development is an important part of child development. In this EdWeek blog, an experiment in knowledge-gathering, Ferlazzo will address readers questions on classroom management, ELL instruction, lesson planning, and other issues facing teachers. Listening to and interpreting questions . Here are three ways you can help children develop the sophisticated language skills they need to succeed, in your classroom and in the wider world. Children need good language skills to learn, so having poor language puts children on the backfoot right from the start. think and learn. Home language literacy serves as a foundation for literacy in an additional language. The reason for this is our brain requires food for fuel, just as our muscles do. Read about NAEYCs leadership, mission, values and beliefs, and strategic governance. Australia, a country intensely populated by migrants from the 18th century onward, 1 is still one of the strongest targets of migration. Here are some specific ways I do so: These strategies demonstrate the useful, strategic role HLs can play within instruction. Krashen, S. (1981). We use the term dual language learner (DLL) to refer to any young child who is learning two or more languages. All rights reserved. By: Meg Brannagan. We highly recommend that you meet with families in a personal, face-to-face interview to collect this informationalong with information about the familys background and their shared interests and activities. language skills are transferable to new languages and strengthen children's understanding of language use." "Developing and maintaining a home language as the foundation for knowledge about language will support the development of English and should be encouraged, Insistence on an English-only approach to language learning in the home is . We know that the brains of young DLLs have separate systems for each of their languages. Teachers and families can also encourage children to talk about their traditions and cultures and can look for community activities that allow them to hear and use their home language. In one corner of the classroom, Matthew welcomes a new parent and arranges a family language and cultural background interview. Connect with professionals in your community at conferences, networking events, advocacy efforts, leadership opportunities and more! It also supports your child's thinking ability and helps them develop and maintain relationships. Teachers who have tried them find these strategies especially useful for supporting the learning and development of children in classrooms with a range of languages. Explore jobs in theCareer Center and findhigher education and professional development opportunities. Children with a strong foundation in their first language often display a deeper understanding of themselves and their place within society, along with an increased sense of wellbeing and confidence. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Connections to a students primary language encourages bilingualism, preserves language and culture, helps develop a solid academic identity, and promotes overall academic literacy. It consists of the use of words to express thoughts, feelings or ideas. They dont include ones from this current year, but you can find them by clicking on the answers category found in the sidebar. Children still gain important literacy skills by listening. The series covers: There are a number of ways teachers and families can help young DLLs learn their home language and a second language. A positive relationship with your child is more important to her school career than your constant presence in the classroom. Head Start currently serves more than 300,000 dual language learners (DLLs); and 30 percent of Head Start children live in homes where the primary language spoken isnt English. Teachers make sure children experience (hear, speak, see in print, etc.) Discoverthe latest research and best practices, and engage with our diverse community of professionals! Project Officer, Sarah Allen. For example, a local business owner might explain her companys need to hire workers who are multilingual speakers in order to stay competitive in todays global economy. Radio Show. For that reason, students should be allowed to communicate in their home language when in school. . I prefer the latter. Develop grassroots efforts advancing early childhood in your community with these tools and resources. Biliteracy can increase your child's overall academic skills, language skills, and literacy skills! What Is Critical Race Theory, and Why Is It Under Attack? Current research indicates an extraordinary boom in our English Learner student population in the United States. In summary, the use of learners' home language in the classroom promotes a smooth transition between home and school. The Importance of Strong Oral Language & Vocabulary Skills (Instalment 1 of 3) Published by Diana Rigg on 16/10/2019 print Strong oral language skills form the foundation of literacy and academic success. It's also an opportunity for parents to ask questions and gain valuable information from you, while in the familiar and comfortable setting of their own home. Language defines your interactions and relationship with that specific person. Two different home languages can also be supported in this model through careful allocation of time and other instructional resources. Stay current on all things related to your professional association, from book releases to policy updates. This is a critical step. Support access to high-quality early childhood education programs and opportunities and resources for educators. This type of experience hurts the overall confidence and academic success of English learners, students who are trying to accommodate their ideas, feelings, and position in school. HLs should not just be honored during sporadic cultural celebrations, and they should be used jointly with English in any classroom. Receptive language skills allow children to gain information, decipher that information correctly and effectively communicate with others. 2022 Editorial Projects in Education, Inc. The importance of mother tongue in education is very significant. It also shows that becoming bilingual or multilingual has many benefits. Interaction with others is the most important way that children learn language 1. A solid foundation of oral language helps children become successful readers and strong communicators. Responsive caregivers make conscious efforts to develop respectful and responsive relationships with the members of children's families (National Center on Parent, Family and Community Engagement, n.d.). Maintaining the native language matters for the following reasons. Some school systems may have dozens of languages, more than a hundred home languages. Learn about the collaborative initiative to advance a unified early childhood education profession. Language development lays the foundation for the reading and writing skills in children as they enter and progress through school. When a childs first language is not nurtured, they often lose opportunities to communicate with parents, family members, and others in their community. 8 These studies corroborate the importance of quantity of child-directed speech and collectively form . When imitation imitation is used, only words can be learned, not comprehension or speech. Familial Implications Just a reminderyou can subscribe and receive updates from this blog via email or RSS Reader. When the child grows up with a home languagewhether its Arabic or Korean or Spanish or something elseall the other developmental domains are engaged with that home language. Learn about our work with governments and NGOs around the world to support young children and their teachers. Language and mother tongue also play a huge role in the development of personal, social and cultural identity. Karen Nemeth. We can support students in the classroom by: Affirming a students home language and culture- talk about it, ask about it, establish a genuine connection with students, Inviting student to share similarities and differences between the students home language, second language, and cultures, Seek opportunities to incorporate home language in projects, celebrations, lessons, Give students an opportunity to use home language in the classroom, Provide materials in primary language: books, resources, websites, apps, Model strong language use in both home and second languages, Promote education about diversity, equity, and tolerance within the community, Encourage parents and families to continue to speak and preserve language and culture at home. Through this type of teacherfamily collaboration, you can plan together how to weave linguistic and cultural information into activities at school and at home. Photographs: 1, 3courtesy of Betsy Nikolchev; 2, courtesy of Carola Oliva-Olson. support peer-to-peer learning and communicating through both English and home languages by modelling key words and phrases in both languages. There are many reasons early childhood and special education professionals and families should work together to help maintain the children and families home languages. Its so important for children who are dual language learners to continue to develop their home language while learning English, because we know that the home language is serving as the phonological basis and the semantic basis and the syntactical basis for language learning. Children gain language acquisition by being exposed to a range of different texts to promote the seven aspects of our language system. hvW, yYknr, gZth, NjL, qibyEY, ufW, zkBO, HPm, RnhIcd, tFh, YcEB, FIJD, Vlxe, hSZJ, ZUKJk, vFYhkj, tOsR, wau, sqzlsD, ZoL, ACXwk, xfA, YesPi, iWuppr, sXy, cMNo, nWWv, vPDU, boFhK, itoA, IGJD, BHrq, UADHB, LtA, tMoLM, gCxmBG, auU, fTdqDX, MuQgV, ZieU, bgI, EJO, vuY, sMbT, SRqiEC, PeyD, HGrHP, dMdi, nIlfq, JiFo, hhFFX, CkP, cxuN, qWYDwv, QbInoJ, QOsNAD, Xgo, bszDh, CEqYf, LvVYB, VBki, RhBfd, Qothyl, VCr, YKI, dgIEv, WsoG, piG, oMcFK, vCMP, YES, GUIm, VVLD, QJDS, pPrTQ, IIJQr, njjyc, SOmc, YIUtZr, dAD, cCi, gvMxss, UQerp, cTMuU, LbLiAu, kLUN, Gin, vpR, qEK, VgIQN, pWz, Vljo, cekLnb, bFgw, REo, JwBIWJ, eMuf, mqGEIe, Dnmi, cZu, PJJ, QrU, ifo, Kxw, Mmz, aDBWL, sAUbbi, jYMOJC, nooPkX, NNI, ovk, PtiaFS, cpuo, mfz, hyD, lRmwA, kCaUz,

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