The authors of most of these primarily qualitative studies have attempted to understand mental health issues and appropriate forms of care for American Muslims (Abudabbeh & Nydell, 1993; Carolan, Bagherinia, Juhari, Himelright, & Mouton-Sanders, 2000; Erickson & al-Timimi, 2001; Faragallah, Schumm, & Webb, 1997; Jackson, 1997; Lawrence & Rozmus, 2001; Nobles & Sciarra, 2000). The significance of the Islamic ideals of marriage inherent in the Quran and the sharia (legal interpretations) is that they provide a primary frame of reference for legitimizing the actions of individuals and validating certain power relations within the family. Recently, the greatest proliferation of research on and about Muslim American families has taken place in the mental health domain. What has happened to me is a test from Allah and something I will come to terms with. Several conditions make a Muslim marriage valid: consent of the bride and her legal guardian, two witnesses, and payment of a dower, or mahr. This definition comes from the U.S. Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity, which sets policies for the collection of statistics by U.S. federal agencies. In late 2018, the Muslim Family Collective was born. 2 Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice Imperial College School fo Medicine Norfolk Place London W2 1PG, UK, The family forms the basic building block of Muslim society. Half of Muslim Americans live in a household with minor children, and usually those children are Muslim. The following vignettes illustrate some of the challenges encountered in the West when dealing with Muslim patients. Elderly parents are respected on account of their life experiences and their hierarchic position within the family unit. For some, such as 27-year-old Sara Haddad, that means reminding people that they watch football or listen to pop music. African American Muslims include Sunnis, members of the Nation of Islam, and members of other smaller denominations. On joining the Muslim community, I was astonished that so much emphasis was put on my relationship with my parents. The survey provides information on the number of Muslim adults and Muslim children residing in the respondents homes. The significance of the Islamic ideals with respect to family lies not in the extent to which they reflect actual practice but in the frame of reference they provide for legitimizing individual actions. References to women and their appropriate behavior are scattered throughout the Quran and the hadiths, and their meanings and interpretation have been a source of controversy since the earliest days of Islam. The reasons for observing the idda are threefold: (a) to ascertain the possibility of a pregnancy and, if necessary, to establish the paternity of the child; (b) to provide the husband with an opportunity to return to his wife if the divorce is revocable; and (c) to enable a widow to mourn her deceased husband (Nasir, 1990). She likens the predicament to parents wondering when to tell their children Santa Claus does not exist, hoping their innocence will stretch for as long as possible. Demographic portrait of Muslim Americans, Three-quarters of U.S. Muslims are immigrants or the children of immigrants, U.S. Muslims Concerned About Their Place in Society, but Continue to Believe in the American Dream, The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050, Next: 2. In this article, we explore what the family means for Muslims living in minority communities in the West. The survey also finds that the vast majority of Muslims living in the U.S. (82%) are American citizens, including 42% who were born in the U.S. and 40% who were born abroad but who have naturalized. But our Muslim family is as American as yours. Another way to compare how old or young a group is within a broader population is to calculate its median age, which for Muslim adults in the U.S. is 35. Moreover, the U.S. Muslim population has been growing rapidly, albeit from a relatively low base. American Muslims BLOG. Combining the survey finding that, on average, 68% of immigrants from countries in the very high category are Muslims with the Census Bureau data yields an estimate that there are roughly 200,000 U.S. households headed by Muslims born in countries in the very high category; these households include about 400,000 Muslim adults and 225,000 Muslim children.21. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. Nearly all American-born black Muslims (96%) say there is a lot of discrimination against Muslims in America, almost identical to the share who say there is a lot of discrimination against black people in the U.S. (94%). Those describing their race as Nigerian or African are coded as black. Removal of the clitoris, or more extensive procedures, is not approved by religious teaching17; nonetheless, these extreme practices continue in some Muslim regions largely because of the strong influences of tribal and regional custom and tradition. The share of Muslims who report owning a home (37%) is considerably lower than among all U.S. adults (57%). Donate to Muslim Family Services. Four Muslim-American families living in South Florida share their hopes and fears. A wife, however, to initiate a divorce, must place her claim before a sharia court and argue her case on the basis of certain legal precepts. These classifications are based largely on current Census Bureau categories, as is generally true of Pew Research Center work. Another 6% of all adult Muslims identify as black, but were born outside the U.S., generally in sub-Saharan Africa. (2000) pointed out, for many individuals gender equity may be defined as respect rather than complete equality in the Western sense. During the last 3 years, he had been forced into various manual occupations. This selective use is part of the way in which gender hierarchies and sexuality are negotiated and enforced. These works indicate that among American Muslims the strict gender hierarchy commonly portrayed in the media and scholarly literature is often not followed. Crude estimates from census and Immigration and Naturalization Service figures indicate that the Muslim population ranges between 1,456,000 to 3,397,000, or 0.5% to 1.2% of the total population when the American-born Muslim population is included (Smith, 2002, p. 414). Islam provides a foundation for understanding the religious beliefs and practices of Muslim families (Al-Hali & Khan, 1993). There are also many possible implications for clinical care. At home we pronounce our daughter's name as Furah. Muslim feminist writers have gone to great lengths to illustrate that gender asymmetry and the status of women cannot be attributed to Islam. In this survey, nearly nine-in-ten immigrants from the Middle East-North Africa region (87%) are counted as white, including those who volunteered their race as Arab or Middle Eastern, those who identified with a specific country instead of a race, and those who explicitly identified themselves as white. Recent research has highlighted that the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad specified protections and rights for women that were radical departures from the existing culture. Marriage is a central aspect of the lives of all Muslim men and women. You may notice problems with When I was pregnant with my son, I told my husband, Maybe we should name him George. The share of Muslim American adults who are married is identical to the share of U.S. adults overall who are married (53%), even though Muslims are younger than the U.S. general public. The paucity of studies on American Muslim families is part of a larger problem that is reflected in the overall field of research on Islamic marriage and family formation. The complexity of Muslim American communities is another barrier to studies on Muslim American families. Wayte C. Bible is disapproving of homosexual activity but not homosexual orientation [letter]. When Muslim spouses cannot agree on financial, property, and child custody-related issues, it is common for men and women to ask a civil family court to resolve these issues. Starting with family gatherings centered around our . Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, 1. Thus, estimates for the number of Muslims in the United States range from approximately 3 million (Smith, 2002) to 4 to 6 million (Stone, 1991; World Almanac, 1998). Confused, distraught, and visibly shaken, she explained that her husband was threatening to leave her unless she gave up her job. The option of counseling was discussed but was strongly declined. Although it is now understood that gender roles and expectations differ significantly between families of varied traditions and cultures, we do not know to what extent there may be variables that bind groups together. Because all indications are that the family structure is weakening, even disintegrating in America and elsewhere. In addition, despite religious teachings that encourage marriage at an early age, a secular trend to marry late is being seen among Muslims. Muslim American Families and Their Child's Education in America, Yolanda Dawson. More than half of Muslims (57%) live this way. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays. A fundamental Islamic belief is the distinct difference between male and female in terms of their personalities, social roles, and functions. Our religion forbids it, and it's a restriction we take seriously. Instead, Jesus is regarded as a prophet who was then followed by Muhammad, the last prophet. About three-in-ten U.S. Muslims (31%) have college or postgraduate degrees, equivalent to the share among U.S. adults as a whole (31%). A Qualitative Research Proposal to Explore Parent-Teen Communication about Sexual and Reproductive Health in Muslim-American Families. Muslims regard the Old and New Testaments as revelations that came from God (Allah). The family explained that they would prefer to look after him at home. Research on Muslim American families illustrates that with respect to family life, most are dealing with issues that are in many ways similar to those faced by others in the United States. Physical contact between members of the opposite sex is strongly discouraged, although these rules are relaxed somewhat if medical treatment is required.6 This framework explains why many prefer to see a same-sex clinician, particularly in consultations necessitating examination of the genitalia. Islamic teachings stress the equality of all people before God. If women do not adhere to this moral order, then society runs the risk of degenerating into fitna (temptation or, more importantly, rebellion, social dissension, or disorder). To this day, my mother still has trouble spelling it. This chapter seeks to elucidate some of the basic tenets of Islam with respect to family life and to highlight aspects of contemporary research that illustrate the diversity that is characteristic of Muslim families in the United States. Professor Khurshid Ahmad explains that we are living in a period of cultural crisis. An elderly Bengali man was recovering in a hospital from an episode of pneumonia. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. A plurality (41%) are white, a category that includes those who describe their race as Arab, Middle Eastern, Persian/Iranian or in a variety of other ways (see sidebar on white racial classifications). To expose her children to her native language of Urdu, they watch Bollywood movies together. As a discipline, family studies also needs to reinvestigate its multidisciplinary roots in an effort to build on what we know and what we still need to learn. Traditionally, a local midwife performs a deinfibulation immediately after marriage, thus allowing consummation to occur. The remainder are not U.S. citizens (18%). More recently, a large group of Middle Eastern immigrants to the United States has been from Iran. Female genital mutilation is currently illegal in many countries, including Britain.16. These studies indicate that religion is only one aspect of identity formation among young Muslim women. Furthermore, all of the religious provisions concerning wifely maintenance, divorce, and the economic and social well-being of children and parents indicate the supreme importance in Islam of the sustenance and stabilization of the family unit. But our Muslim family is as American as yours. Furthermore, unlike immigrants, many African Americans are converts. To contact the ICNA Relief Helpline, please call +1- (844)-412-9809, Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. This interest can be attributed to several factors: world events that have brought issues occurring in the Islamic world to the foreground, the rapid growth of Islam among African Americans, and a recent large influx of Muslim immigrants from the Middle East, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Pakistan, India, and Southeast Asia. This survey uses the following set of racial and ethnic classifications: white, black, Asian, Hispanic, multiracial and other. This emphasis can be attributed to several factors. The child is entitled to love, attention, and devotion to all its needs. Muslims are considered to be the fastest-growing religious group in the world. Mrs Mu'min attended as an extra toward the end of a busy morning surgery. Some Muslim families say they fear a rising tide of hate crimes directed against their faith, such as when a pig's head was found outside the door of a Philadelphia mosque on Dec. 7, an incident . The other half are almost entirely immigrants, except for a few converts to Islam from various other cultural groups (Cooper, 1993; Stone, 1991). According to Islamic law, a divorce cannot be finalized until the idda requirement is completed. The estimate that there are now 3.45 million Muslims in the United States is also consistent with demographic projections outlined in Pew Research Centers report The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050. In that report, demographers compiled data from nearly every country in the world on the current size of religious groups, the age structure and fertility rates of those groups, their rates of religious switching and migration, and related information to produce country-by-country projections of the future growth trajectories of religious groups from 2010 to the year 2050. Similarly, adults ages 18 to 39 make up 60% of the Muslim American adult population, compared with 38% of the U.S. adult population as a whole. Editor: Marilyn Coleman & Lawrence H Ganong. Foreign-born Muslims are more likely to have at least a college degree (38%) than are Muslims born in the U.S. (21%), perhaps reflecting immigration policies that give preference to highly educated immigrants. By 2011, the number of Muslims had grown to 2.75 million (including 1.8 million adults). Request PDF | On Jan 1, 2017, Mazna Patka and others published Muslim American families | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Muslim Americans are racially and ethnically diverse No racial or ethnic group makes up a majority of Muslim American adults. Thus, researchers need to employ new paradigms in their studies and formulate new types of questions about the subject matter. Anonymous responses were encouraged to allow the physicians to raise issues of genuine concern without fear of offending the group leader (a Muslim). Other factors of importance in the birth outcome debate include the high prevalence of deprivation among Muslims, difficulties with access to high-quality genetic and prenatal counseling, and the possible risks associated with culturally insensitive maternity care.11 Appropriate services specifically tailored to meet the needs of Muslims and other minority groups should be considered an issue deserving priority attention. Only a relatively small number of American Muslims live in recognized Muslim communities. One of the most striking features of Muslim society is the importance attached to the family. Respondents who described their race as Arab or Egyptian or Middle Eastern, for example, are coded as white. An additional 26% arrived between 2000 and 2009, and roughly one-in-five (19%) Muslim immigrants arrived in the 1990s. Although the return to veiling in many parts of the Islamic world has taken the form of a cultural symbolic statement for young women, some young Muslim American women fear that it will target them for harassment and discrimination. We have Thanksgiving with my parents. The survey results indicate that among adults ages 40 to 59, Muslim Americans report having an average of 2.4 children over the course of their lives. In the case of a pregnant woman, the idda continues until her child is born (Quran, 65:6). Since the Nov. 13 Paris attacks, there have been at least 37 suspected anti-Islamic hate crimes in the United States, including 11 in the week after the San Bernardino shooting, compared with an average of 12.6 a month over the past five years, according to a study by California State University, San Bernardino, which cited Federal Bureau of Investigation data. In addition, American-born black Muslims are more likely than other U.S. Muslims to say it has become harder in recent years to be Muslim in the United States. She acknowledged this, saying that she had been coping well while in Pakistan because there she had the support of her extended family. At the other end of the spectrum, none of the survey respondents who were born in Mexico say they are Muslim, and thus Mexico is included among countries in the very low category; the survey indicates that, on average, just one-half of one percent (0.5%) of U.S. residents who were born in the very low countries are Muslim. These religiously oriented works have fallen prey to the orientalist truism that Islam is about texts rather than people (Said, 1978). These studies highlight that gender constructions are always embedded in sociohistorical contexts. Practices such as veiling and distinct male and female activities, both in and outside the family, often reinforce this gender dichotomy. As anti-Muslim sentiment swells following the Dec. 2 massacre in San Bernardino, California, by a young Muslim couple inspired by Islamic State, many Muslim parents and their children say. These include a temporary legal restraint from remarrying, sexual abstinence for a woman, the mutual entitlement to inheritance, and the maintenance and lodging of the wife, who must wait three menstrual cycles before the divorce is final (Quran, 2:228). Divorce is treated as a serious matter both in the Quran and hadiths and in Islamic law. Psychology. Until recently, they tended to ignore the dynamic relationship between individuals, social processes, and ideologies. These included limitations on polygyny, inheritance and property rights for women, and marriage contracts and maintenance in cases of divorce and child custody (Baron, 1994). Until very recently, definitional issues hampered studies of all Muslim families, both in the United States and abroad. This includes, besides care and protection, socialization and education. The possibility of the stillbirths contributing to her current condition was raised. The imam of a mosque is perceived as a teacher rather than a leader or mediator, and every individual is thought to have a direct relationship to God. Due to the visible, daily nature of these practices, Islam is often perceived as more ritualized than other religions (El-Amin, 1991). Similarly, U.S. Muslims are about as likely as Americans overall to report household incomes of $100,000 or higher (24% of Muslims and 23% of Americans in general). This also makes it difficult to generalize about American Muslim families, for this is equivalent to trying to find commonalities among all Christian families in the United States. Contemporary scholarship illustrates that, rather than determining attitudes about women, parts of the Quran are used at certain times to legitimate particular acts or sets of conditions with respect to women (Marcus, 1992; Mernissi, 1987). 2012. Of the eight to ten million Muslims in America, more than half are African-American, a small but growing number are European American, and the rest are immigrants (first, second, or third generation) from Middle Eastern, Southwest Asian, and other countries. American Muslims are distinguished by different levels of education, types of occupations, arrival time in the United States, adherence to religious beliefs, and desire to assimilate in society. The procedure has different forms and is typically done at the age of 6 or 7 years. My daughter asked if she was his crush. Another complicating factor with respect to researching American Muslim families is demographics. Those who answered some other race in the first question were asked to specify what race or races they identify with, and Pew Research Center analysts coded those responses in a way designed to follow as closely as possible the approach employed by the U.S. Census Bureau. In their educational attainment levels, Muslims closely resemble the general public. Or at least say no to pork. By comparison, 12% of U.S. adults overall are underemployed in these ways, according to a 2016 Pew Research Center survey. Finally, and perhaps most important of all, Muslim youth in the West are faced with lifestyle choices not available in more traditional cultures. These factors do not allow researchers to easily identify where and how to identify Muslim American families. The opportunities we have, the protection from harm and the economic stability are all far superior to the majority of Muslim countries. Counseling With a Muslim-American Family. PMID: 9677541 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.1998.tb01090.x Abstract Muslim immigrant families living in the United States may well come to the attention of mental health professionals. Population estimates of 500,000 or higher are rounded to the nearest 50,000. For example, 72% of Hungarians, 65% of Grecians, 35% of Dutch, and 28% of those in the United Kingdom that were polled had unfavorable views of Muslims. Other avenues of attaining sex education for Muslim teens such as through healthcare are (4:34; Pickthall, 1994, p. 80). Muslims are also less likely than the general public to fall into the middle range, between $30,000 and $99,999 35% of Muslims report household income in this range, compared with 45% of all Americans. These theoretical frameworks provide a foundation for capturing the intertwined, complex nature of Muslim American families. The signing of the contract entitles the bride to the mahr, a suitable home, maintenance (i.e., food, clothes, gifts), and a partial inheritance from the husband. How many Muslims are there in the United States? Thats what breaks my heart - to tell my kids that a choice I made to stand up for my religion could make me unsafe.. From 1924 to 1975, Muslim immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa outnumbered all those from other parts of the world. Black JA, Debelle GD. Some discrimination goes largely unnoticed, such as when a woman threw hot coffee at a group of Muslims praying in a park in California on Dec. 6. Of course, the approach outlined above is not the only possible method for estimating the size of the U.S. Muslim population. My daughter may not be able to drive in Saudi Arabia, but she could become president of the U.S. Inshallah (a word used by Muslims meaning God willing), my kids will grow up proud of our heritage. A symbolic interactionist framework allows researchers to understand the experiences of Muslim American families from their vantage point. A primary difference is that Islam does not accept the Christian concept of the Trinity or Jesus Christ as the Son of God. The practice of choosing marriage partners from within one's community, however, continues to be considered important by young and old. This creates a flow of movement of people, information, and ideological orientations. Feminist perspectives also offer potential frameworks for the deconstructive analysis of Muslim American families. The stress in the Quran and Islamic law on the idda illustrates the Islamic emphasis on ensuring the well-being of the unborn child. These families do not live in a vacuum but are instead part of the larger American and world landscape. These include some of the largest cities in the United States (e.g., New York, Los Angeles, Chicago). She had been bleeding on a fortnightly basis for the previous few months. 2012. Pew Research Center estimated the Muslim population within each demographic category by multiplying the estimated number of households derived from the census data, times the mean number of Muslim adults and Muslim children per household within that category derived from the survey. For many converts, their new religious identity may take precedence over their former ethnic/racial identity. Thus far, she had avoided consultation. Nonetheless, interpretations vary considerably, particularly with respect to womens roles. Race, consanguinity and social features in Birmingham babies: a basis for prospective study. Some Muslim families say they fear a rising tide of hate crimes directed against their faith, such as when a pigs head was found outside the door of a Philadelphia mosque on Dec. 7, an incident that made national headlines. But 6% of all U.S. Muslims live in households with children who are not Muslim. Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the belief that there is one God and that this is the same God that Christians and Jews believe in. Monthly Current Population Survey for January to May 2017. Even though the Quran is the central source of Islamic beliefs with respect to gender roles, there is considerable controversy about the meaning of passages and their implications for the status of women (Fernea & Bezirgan, 1977). An additional 23% were born in other parts of the Asia-Pacific region (such as Iran, Indonesia, etc. Any sexual contact outside marriage is considered adultery and is subject to punishment. I never thought I would cross-reference baby names with the names of terrorists. I love the Dallas Cowboys, she said, referring to the popular Texas professional football team. Umar, Nawal Qaiser. They attempt to negate stereotypes that Muslim families are more patriarchal than other types of families by providing multiple examples of how womens roles can vary both before and after marriage (Carolan et al., 2000; Erickson & al-Timimi, 2001). Psychological morbidity in such situations may be high, with ramifications for the family as a whole. . A man came to Muhammad and asked his permission to go to battle. Financially, Muslims are about as likely as Americans in general to have a household income over $100,000. The 1,001 Muslim respondents in this survey say they were born in 75 different countries. According to religious law, responsibilities of parents to children and of children to parents parallel rights and obligations established through marriage, notwithstanding specific social contexts. A Muslim family is established on the concept of a contractual exchange that legally commences with a marriage contract and its consummation. 7. Comparisons between Muslim and American, white, or ethnic families are misleading because the latter designate geographic and/or racial affiliations instead of religious connections. December 28, 2015. Al-Jazeera America, 12.28.15 . Muslim women are often portrayed as inferior beings, desperately in need of liberation from the Muslim patriarchal culture that prevents their progress. For example, it allows a thorough knowledge of the future marriage partner for sons or daughtersa particularly important consideration in Muslim minority communities where the usual social networks that facilitate the search for an appropriate partner may be lacking. About three-in-ten (31%) U.S. Muslims are college graduates, including 11% who have a postgraduate degree. To observe their new religion, they tend to alter every aspect of their lives. According to estimates, nearly half of all Muslim Americans are African Americans who have converted to Islam. Several suras (passages) (2:225232; 65:17) deal in detail with divorce, and an often recited hadith states that [n]o permissible thing is more detested by Allah than divorce. Divorce implicates men and women differently in the legal domain. An often-quoted hadith states that the prayer of a married man is equal to 70 prayers of a single man. Contributing to her apprehension were the prospect of not being able to see a woman physician, difficulties in articulating the real reason for her attendance, and the possibility that an internal examination may exacerbate her bleeding. There, the family you are born into and who you know dictates your life, no matter how smart or hardworking you are. This creates unique problems for Muslim families trying to maintain their religious identity in the United States. Your daughter has been flagged as a security risk, the agent told us. The show introduced five Muslim-American families to the reality TV audience, two groups who would not, in all likelihood, have otherwise met. The Muslim American experience in the Trump era, 5. Furthermore, as Carolan et al. Segregation of the sexes, a practice encouraged by Islam, is often seen as proof of the suppression of Muslim women.3 Although certainly much can be done to improve the position of women in Muslim culture, the stereotype created in the western media leaves much to be desired. Language skills, historical factors, racial issues, and vastly different cultural traditions form major barriers between these groups. Using official statistics from the Census Bureau in the way described above helps ensure that Muslims are not undercounted simply because they were born in countries like Bangladesh or Somalia (for example) and may, therefore, be difficult to reach. Societal laws exist to aid Muslims in abiding by this framework. Margaux Brown, Ari-Elle R. West. Published 2021. Speaking of my son, he was telling us about a girl in his class. Furthermore, immigration research draws attention to the international aspect of these families. The frequency of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis. Currently, understandings about the dynamics of culturally diverse families, in general, are limited at best (Allen, 2000; Andersen & Collins, 1995; Bacca-Zinn, 2000; Dilworth-Anderson et al., 1993; Thompson, 1995; Thorne, 1997). Peaceful Families: American Muslim Efforts against Domestic Violence Hardcover - September 3, 2019 by Professor Juliane Hammer (Author) 4 ratings Kindle $19.25 Read with Our Free App Hardcover $35.00 4 Used from $44.74 23 New from $22.98 An in-depth look at how Muslim American organizations address domestic violence within their communities Once an Islamic marriage becomes valid through the signing of the marital contract, it is the duty of the husband to provide for his wife under three conditions: She also signs the contract; she puts herself under her husbands authority and allows him free access to her; and she obeys him for the duration of the marriage. Some parents are evidently beginning to understand the marital concerns of their children. 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