Kennedy 1973, pp. Most of the loans made by depository institutions examined under the CRA have not been higher-priced loans, and studies have shown that the CRA has increased the volume of responsible lending to low- and moderate-income households. findings provide compelling evidence of the effectiveness of focusing on bringing people into the financial mainstream when 106102; 113 Stat. to display or print PDF files. being furloughed, having reduced hours, or having a significant loss of income contributed to closing a bank account in the An application submitted through the Truist Online Mortgage Application portal is not completed until you speak with a mortgage loan officer. 95-128, 91 Stat. Barr noted that institutions fully regulated by CRA made "perhaps one in four" sub-prime loans, and that "the worst and most widespread abuses occurred in the institutions with the least federal oversight". An estimated 4.5 percent of U.S. households (approximately 5.9 million) were unbanked in 2021, meaning that no one in the JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., doing business as Chase Bank or often as Chase, is an American national bank headquartered in New York City, that constitutes the consumer and commercial banking subsidiary of the U.S. multinational banking and financial services holding company, JPMorgan Chase.The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J.P. changing Moley also wrote that most of "the people who were close to the White House were so busy with their own legislative programs that Glass was left to his own devices. However, subprime loans were so profitable, that they were aggressively marketed in low-and moderate-income communities, even over the objections and warnings of housing advocacy groups like ACORN. Amends the Community Reinvestment Act to prohibit financial holding companies from being formed before their insured depository institutions receive and maintain a satisfactory CRA rating. [114] Golembe saw deposit insurance as a compromise between forces that sought to stop the destruction of the "circulating medium" (i.e., bank deposits, particularly checking accounts) and forces that wanted to preserve the existing bank structure made up of a large number of geographically isolated banks. There has been a tendency to conflate the current problems in the subprime market with CRA-motivated lending, or with lending to low-income families in general. Designed to help identify the source, volume, and movement of currency and other monetary instruments transported or transmitted into or out of the United States or deposited in financial institutions. government site. Expand your Outlook. coverage of It requires companies to notify consumers who receive credit on terms that are materially less favorable than the most favorable terms available to a substantial proportion of consumers of the company. than fully NOT A DEPOSIT NOT FDIC INSURED NOT GUARANTEED BY THE BANK NOT INSURED BY ANY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCY MAY LOSE VALUE. L. No. Differences in unbanked rates between Black and White households and between Hispanic and White households in 2021 were For example, the FDIC launched a national #GetBanked The purpose of the notice is to alert consumers to the existence of negative information on their consumer report so that the consumer can check their consumer report for accuracy and correct any inaccurate information. As sizeable as this share is, it is much lower than results reported in a past FDIC survey. This Act prohibited undercapitalized banks from making golden parachute and other indemnification payments to institution-affiliated parties. among fully 1 and 34-35. These findings suggest that banked households might be 121-123. 802. through such measures as the Net Worth Certificate (NWC) program, which provided for recapitalization of banks and thrifts that suffered from interest rate shock after deregulation of interest rates on deposits. 684). banking industry research, including quarterly banking The reports were to be given to their Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve Bank. The 1933 Banking Act established (1) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC); (2) temporary FDIC deposit insurance limited to $2,500 per accountholder starting January 1934 through June 30, 1934; and (3) permanent FDIC deposit insurance starting July 1, 1934, fully insuring $5,000 per accountholder. The public section introduced a four-tiered CRA examination rating system with performance levels of 'Outstanding', 'Satisfactory', 'Needs to Improve', or 'Substantial Noncompliance', each supplemented with a written synopsis of the agencies' evaluation reasoning using any available facts to support their conclusions. Federal Reserve and FDIC extend deadline for U.S. GSIB resolution plan feedback. [55], On March 7, 1933, National City Bank (predecessor to Citibank) had announced it would liquidate its security affiliate. Established the Federal Reserve System as the central banking system of the U.S. [70], Congresswoman Eddie Bernice Johnson introduced new legislation, the Community Reinvestment Modernization Act of 2009, on March 12, 2009, to expand the scope of CRA to include non-bank financial institutions, such as credit unions. [106] They led to Charles Mitchell's resignation as Chairman of National City Bank. But it would be beneficial to identify lessons learned regarding communication strategies, staff training, or independent agency created by the Congress to maintain The FDIC publishes regular updates on news and activities. The essential tech news of the moment. Use Bankrate.com's free tools, expert analysis, and award-winning content to make smarter financial decisions. The decline was 40-41. [12], Before 1950, the laws establishing the FDIC and FDIC insurance were part of the Federal Reserve Act. [citation needed], In 2009, The Federal Reserve Banks of Boston and San Francisco published Revisiting the CRA: Perspectives on the Future of the Community Reinvestment Act, which assembles views from a wide range of academic researchers, regulators, community development practitioners and financial service industry representatives on how to improve the CRA going forward. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is one of two agencies that supply deposit insurance to depositors in American depository institutions, the other being the National Credit Union Administration, which regulates and insures credit unions.The FDIC is a United States government corporation supplying deposit insurance to depositors in American commercial Peach 1941, pp. [70], On May 23, 1933, the House passed H.R. banked and in the past 12 months did not use any of the above nonbank transactions and credit. GOBankingRates named Sallie Mae as one of the top online banks, recognizing its products' high interest rate and no monthly fees. Central Banker : News and Views for Eighth District Bankers.St. But their The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA, P.L. pandemic wanes, it will be important to carefully monitor whether the shift from in-person activity continues, stabilizes, or subsides. FDIC. There are no monthly account service fees, you'll earn interest on your balance, and your account is FDIC-insured 8 up to $250,000. Sallie Mae named one of the best savings accounts, money market accounts and CDs for 2022. Underbanked households were less likely to have a credit card and were more likely to have both bank and nonbank personal loans A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans. The FDIC provides a wealth of resources for consumers, Housing and Community Development Act of 1977, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Their revelations were that several J. P. Morgan partners had not paid income taxes in one or more years from 193032 and that the firm had provided exclusive investment opportunities to prominent business and political leaders. 2022. It is important to explore whether [37], Following his defeat in the 1932 presidential election, President Herbert Hoover supported the Glass bill. The pandemic tested the sustainability of banking relationships when labor market disruptions reduced or curtailed many fully Many of the recommendations in that book were included in the 1995 CRA reform. Browse our extensive research tools and reports. Burns 1974, p. 90. SEC. eliminating the option of alternative weights for lending, investment, and service under the large, retail savings association test; defining institutions with assets between $250 million and $1 billion as "intermediate small savings associations" subject to a new community development test; indexing the asset threshold for "small" and "intermediate small" savings associations annually based on changes to the Consumer Price Index (CPI); and. 95-128, 91 Stat. Community organizations, policymakers, and bankers raised awareness On March 4, 1933, however, the lame duck session of the 72nd Congress adjourned without either the Glass bill or the House deposit insurance bill becoming law. 8 comments bankers, analysts, and other stakeholders. the official website and that any information you provide is services use them to make purchases online and to send money to or receive money from family or friends. [31] The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) also moved to revise its regulation structure allowing lenders subject to the CRA to claim community development loan credits for loans made to help finance the environmental cleanup or redevelopment of industrial sites when it was part of an effort to revitalize the low- and moderate-income community where the site was located. 71-72 and 79. A Microsoft 365 subscription offers an ad-free interface, custom domains, enhanced security options, the full desktop version of 3713), effective November 10, 1978; sections 744(q) of title VII and 1212(a) of title XII of the Act of August 9, 1989 (Pub. The groups also recommended that CRA be expanded to apply throughout the financial sector, beyond banks. personal loan or line of credit from a bank (i.e., a bank personal loan) decreased from 10.8 percent in 2019 to 8.0 percent in Friedman and Schwartz 1963, p. 388, fn. becoming unbanked. Rodkey 1934, p. 899. independent agency created by the Congress to maintain In 1981, to help achieve the goals of the CRA, each of the Federal Reserve Banks established a Community Affairs Office to work with banking institutions and the public in identifying credit needs within the community and ways to address those needs. Patrick 1993, pp. The FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked [29] Glass also revised his bill to extend the deadline for banks to dispose of securities affiliates from three to five years. 175 comments. Reflecting Steagall's support for the "dual banking system," however, H.R. 162, enacted June 16, 1933) was a statute enacted by the United States Congress that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and imposed various other banking reforms. [43], Although minor amendments were made directly to the Community Reinvestment Act concerning the consideration of minority and female owned institutions & partnerships during evaluations first established in 1991, other portions of the Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 indirectly affected the CRA practices at the time in requiring Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two government sponsored enterprises that purchase and securitize mortgages, to devote a percentage of their lending to support affordable housing. "[86] In their books on banking events in 1933, Susan Eastabrook Kennedy and Helen Burns concluded that, although the 1933 Banking Act was not part of the New Deal, Roosevelt ultimately preferred it to no banking reform bill even though it did not provide the more "far reaching" reforms (Kennedy[87]) or "fuller solution" (Burns[88]) he sought. example, unbanked rates were higher among lower-income households, less-educated households, Black households, Hispanic households, An Act to amend certain Federal laws pertaining to community development, housing, and related programs. [65] These regulations also included less restrictive definitions of "small" and "intermediate small" banks. L. No. Burns 1974, pp. The FDIC maintains a list and tracks the insured MDIs it supervises, i.e., state-chartered institutions that are not members of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve), as well as MDIs that are supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) and the Federal Reserve. The .gov means its official. Federal Reserve Board announces approval of application by Benchmark Community Bank. Revised and consolidated earlier FDIC legislation into one Act. NWCs were a temporary form of capital that the institution gradually replaced as it became profitable. [35], The Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS) proposed revising and started to solicit public comment regarding the complete alignment of its CRA rule with the CRA rules of the other three federal banking agencies in November 2006. household had a checking or savings account at a bank or credit union. In 2021, 9.7 percent of all households used nonbank money orders, down from 14.3 percent in 2017 and 11.9 percent in 2019. Law creates a new financial holding company under section 4 of the BHCA, authorized to engage in underwriting and selling insurance and securities, conducting both commercial and merchant banking, investing in and developing real estate, and other "complimentary activities." 1147), effective October 12, 1977; as amended by section 1502 of title XV of the Act of November 10, 1978 (Pub. One of the largest ATM networks in the region. [33] The CRA was passed as a result of national pressure to address the deteriorating conditions of American citiesparticularly lower-income and minority neighborhoods. L. No. changes, and shifts in prevailing attitudes about the nonbank credit products mentioned in the survey affected demand. With the passage of this Act in December 1991, section 807 (12. 162, enacted June 16, 1933) was a statute enacted by the United States Congress that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and imposed various other banking reforms. Terry Dolan, the companys chief financial officer, said that the bank plans to partner with fintechs inorder to maintain competitive banking technology. For when it matters most - cards you use every day, and Associates who always know your name. Kennedy 1973, pp. banked households in 2021. FAQs; The following content explains the Boards authority to impose reserve requirements and how reserve requirements were administered Local and regional public-private partnerships and multi-bank loan consortia were formed to expand and manage such CRA-related lending. 2306), effective December 19, 1991; section 110 of title I of the Act of September 29, 1994 (Pub. (c)(2)(D), "Prohibition against deposit production offices", "President's Remarks on Community Development", "President's Statement on Reform of Regulations Implementing the Community Reinvestment Act", "Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Fact Sheet", "Community Reinvestment Act Regulations (1995)", The War on CRA: Opportunity in Next Wave of Mergers, Issue in Depth: Leading Up to the Decision on Banking Reform, Financial Services Modernization Act, Community Reinvestment Act Amendments in the Gramm-Leach Act, United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Supervisory Agencies Adopt Rule On Disclosure And Reporting Of CRA-Related Agreements, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act Provisions Relating to CRA and Community Development, Survey of the Performance and Profitability of CRA-Related Lending, The Community Reinvestment Act After Financial Modernization: A Final Report, "Statement by President Bill Clinton at the Signing of the Financial Modernization Bill", "The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Community Reinvestment Act: Past Accomplishments and Future Regulatory Challenges", Press release and letter released by a contingent of "House Democrats", "Update of Statistical Area Definitions and Additional Guidance on Their Uses", "Community Reinvestment Act Regulations (2005), Technical Amendment", "Community Reinvestment Act Regulations (2005) for OCC, FRB & FDIC", "GSE Portfolios, Systemic Risk, and Affordable Housing; Speech before the Independent Community Bankers of America's Annual Convention and Techworld, Honolulu, Hawaii (via satellite)", "H.R. choices presented to them by the evolving marketplace. Reg. GPO's compilation of legislative history and bill text for the Federal Reserve Act, the McFadden Act, the Glass-Steagall Act, the Banking Act of 1935, and the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 is available in FRASER. remotely They concluded that "CRA-related loans were a small fraction of the subprime market during the mortgage boom", and hence it was not a significant contributor to the financial crisis.[144]. Amended the Fair Credit Reporting Act to strengthen consumer protections relating to credit reporting agency practices. 172174. cards or bank accounts, and they use them for a limited set of transactions. [76], The Obama administration has increased scrutiny of the provision of credit to poor and African American neighborhoods. [4], The Woodstock Institute, a Chicago-based policy and advocacy nonprofit, found in an analysis of 1996 Chicago-area survey data that low income areas still lagged behind in access to commercial loans. 157. 103128 and 204205. This action eliminated reserve requirements for all depository institutions. households Prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin. 25. Embodied the basic authority for the operation of the FDIC. [94], In a 2005 paper for the New York University Law Review, Michael S. Barr, professor at the University of Michigan Law School, presented evidence to demonstrate that the CRA had overcome market failures to increase access to credit for low-income, moderate-income, and minority borrowers at relatively low cost. Kelly III, p. 53, fn. Cleveland and Huertas 1985, pp. Money Center, or Ria Money Transfer. We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. L. No. Glass and Willis viewed such affiliates as artificial devices to evade limits on bank activities. The unbanked rate in 20214.5 percentwas the lowest since the survey began in 2009. Groups at first only slowly took advantage of these rights. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. In the House, nearly one-third of the Representatives signed a pledge not to adjourn without passing a bill providing federal deposit insurance. remained the most prevalent primary method of account access. Bentsen said that the proposed changes would "make it easier for lenders to show how they're complying with the Community Reinvestment Act", and "cut back a lot of the paperwork and the cost on small business loans". is a United States federal law designed to encourage commercial banks and savings associations to help meet the needs of borrowers in all segments of their communities, including low- and moderate-income 520-521. by unbanked households. As households combine bank and nonbank products in new ways, banks may need to work Keep up with FDIC announcements, read speeches and data. loans. An Act to provide for the safer and more effective use of the assets of banks, to regulate interbank control, to prevent the undue diversion of funds into speculative operations, and for other purposes. Required the Department of Treasury and other federal agencies to periodically produce National Money Laundering Strategy reports. 1147), effective October 12, 1977], [Source:Section 803 of title VIII of the Act of October 12, 1977 (Pub. emerging products and to better understand how consumers are evaluating their options. separate points, corresponding to an increase of approximately 5.0 million banked households. Ballooning mortgages on rental properties threatened to require large rent increases from low and moderate income tenants that could ill afford them. Federal regulations dictate agency conduct in evaluating a bank's compliance in five performance areas, comprising twelve assessment factors. Set up card and bill pay alerts, security notices, and auto-pay to make your life easier. In 2007, Ben Bernanke suggested further increasing the presence of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the affordable housing market to help banks fulfill their CRA obligations by providing them with more opportunities to securitize CRA-related loans. disproportionately used by unbanked households to meet their transaction and credit needs: Money orders, check cashing, or international remittances (i.e., nonbank transactions) or. banked households may not understand the implications of including a nonbank provider in the transaction process. For that reason, the direct impact of CRA on the volume of subprime lending is not certain. Patrick 1993, p. 30. 5 Blogs That Are Making Money in 2022 (and How You Can, Too) 16 comments. Don't have enough money to meet minimum balance requirements was cited by 21.7 percent of unbanked households as the main reason The bill's language indicated that it was intended as a "tentative measure to serve as a guide" for a subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency (the Glass Subcommittee) chaired by Glass that was authorized to investigate the operations of the National and Federal Reserve banking systems. 2022. consumers used online and mobile methods for shopping or handling their finances. stability and public confidence in the nations financial 243249. 175 comments. Patrick 1993, pp. [66], On May 10, 1933, Glass introduced his revised bill (S. 1631) in the Senate. In 2021, 7.0 percent of all households used nonbank money transfer services from companies like Western Union, MoneyGram, Walmart Need to visit one of our banking offices to meet with an Associate? Patrick 1993, p. 169. What Is the Difference Between Copywriting vs Content Writing? Lending activities can be directly performed by the bank or indirectly through capital markets.. Because banks play an important role in financial stability and the economy of a country, most jurisdictions exercise a high degree of regulation JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., doing business as Chase Bank or often as Chase, is an American national bank headquartered in New York City, that constitutes the consumer and commercial banking subsidiary of the U.S. multinational banking and financial services holding company, JPMorgan Chase.The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J.P. [105], The dramatic "ten days" of National City hearings in February 1933, however, were a high point of publicity for the Pecora Investigation. Provides for expanded whistleblower rewards and protections, establishment of a beneficial ownership registration database to be implemented by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), new Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) violations and enhanced BSA penalties for repeat and egregious violators, and expanded subpoena power. percent of all households were using nonbank online payment services. Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks (Reg A), Limitations on Interbank Liabilities (Reg F), Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Reg P), Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates (Reg W), This page was last edited on 17 October 2022, at 19:26. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), enacted in 1977, requires the Federal Reserve and other federal banking regulators to encourage financial institutions to help meet the credit needs of the communities in which they do business, including low- and moderate-income (LMI) neighborhoods. L. No. Kennedy 1973, p. 207. "[108]"Bored by Senatorial exhibitionism" Glass had not attended the earlier National City hearings. The housing meltdown: Why did it happen in the United States? Brought foreign banks within the federal regulatory framework. Banked and unbanked households different use cases prompt different economic inclusion considerations. [71], The final Senate version of H.R. Established the FDIC as a permanent agency of the government. Banking Regulators for the CRA FIRREA abolished the Federal Savings & Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC), and gave the FDIC responsibility for insuring the deposits of thrift institutions in FSLICs place. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is an independent agency An effective urban strategy must involve private financial institutions. The Banking Act of 1933 (Pub.L. About 1 percent of households in 2021 used each product or service. The FDIC insurance fund created to cover thrifts was named the Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF), while the fund covering banks was called the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF). [87] This would require Congressional legislation, but there were precedents in state CRA laws[88] that apply to mortgage companies and credit unions, not just banks. [73] Another hearing was held on April 15, 2010 on "Perspectives and Proposals on the Community Reinvestment Act" with eight witnesses. government site. [89][90] In a 2003 research paper, economists at the Federal Reserve could not find clear evidence that the CRA increased lending and home ownership more in low income neighborhoods than in higher income ones. 171. FDIC policy currently states that "predatory lending can have a negative effect on a bank's CRA performance. The FDIC insures deposits; examines and government site. Burns 1974, p. 89. [92] In 1935 President Roosevelt opposed Glass's effort to restore national bank powers to underwrite corporate securities. Bank smarter with U.S. Bank and browse personal and consumer banking services including checking and savings accounts, mortgages, home equity loans, and more. Bentson 1990, pp. 1351), effective March 12, 2000; section 1031(a) of title X of the Act of August 14, 2008 (Pub. 2901 et seq.) 5661. [74] Roosevelt, like Glass, saw redeeming value in deposit insurance if its requirement for Federal Reserve System membership led to "unifying the banking system. In order to gain market share lenders lowered their standards. The holiday shopping season is now in full swing, and small businesses throughout the greater As an apparel decorating company, AMPRO counts on the general public being more familiar with their WSFS Banks annual 2022 Small Business Trends study found that small businesses are optimistic in We recommend products based on your specific needs and goals. conferences and events. payment [124] Law professor Michael S. Barr, a Treasury Department official under President Clinton,[58][125] stated that approximately 50% of subprime loans were made by independent mortgage companies that were not regulated by the CRA, and another 25% to 30% came from only partially CRA regulated bank subsidiaries and affiliates. : Public Health and Social Welfare, House Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 TitleVIII, USC Title 12 Chapter 30 CommunityReinvestment, Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Resolution Trust Corporation Refinancing, Restructuring, and Improvement Act of 1991, consideration of minority and female owned institutions & partnerships, Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992, Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994, United States House Committee on Financial Services, Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Congressional Committee on Financial Services, Community Development Financial Institutions Fund, Department of Housing and Urban Development, House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Text of Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 Title VIII (Community Reinvestment), "The Performance and Profitability of CRA-Related Lending", "The Community Reinvestment Act: Its Evolution and New Challenges", "The Community Reinvestment Act: Thirty Years of Accomplishments, but Challenges Remain", Community Reinvestment Act: Review of Empirical Evidence, "Prepared Speech, Footnote #8, The CRA: Its Evolution and New Challenges", "Community Reinvestment Act: Background & Purpose", The Federal Banking Agency as defined under 12 U.S.C. almost half (44.8 percent)representing approximately 1.9 million householdssaid that the payment contributed to moments highlighting account opening options could be helpful for bringing consumers into banking. It did this unilaterally without support from the FDIC and the Federal Reserve.[80]. He wished it had not been so heavily compromised to satisfy Representative Steagall (a "half portion" of what the Glass bill originally sought). (11.6 percent) than among fully banked households (23.8 percent). 1147), effective October 12, 1977, as added by section 1212(b) of title XII of the Act of August 9, 1989 (Pub. Patrick 1993, p. 176. to receive and access relief funds and other benefits. On May 25, 1933, the Senate approved H.R. and 71.2 percent of Hispanic households had a credit card or bank personal loan, whereas 81.3 percent of White households We've developed a suite of premium Outlook features for people with advanced email and calendar needs. 1147), effective October 12, 1977, as added by section 402(b) of title IV of the Act of December 12, 1991 (Pub. At the OCC, in 2021, of our managers, only 41 percent were women and Kennedy 1973, p. 219. prevalent among unbanked households than among banked households. including Impostor scams are a particular threat, accounting for nearly 40 percent of the military community's fraud losses. L. No. [61] By April 13, 1933, the subcommittee had prepared a revised Glass bill, but delayed submitting the bill to the full Senate Committee on Banking and Currency to continue negotiations with the Roosevelt Administration. Need to visit one of our banking offices to meet with an Associate? [47], In opposition to the Glass bill's branch banking provisions, Senator Huey Long (D-LA) filibustered the Glass bill until Glass revised his bill to limit national bank branching rights to states that permitted their own banks to branch. 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