Martin started observing his students and attempting to find causes for their poor choices. 1. PDF, 242 KB, 11 pages. Martin has students from many different cultures and races. The best way to ask questions, explore ideas, and let students show what they know. 8. It fails to address the specific needs of individual students. The problems of classroom management are; inefficient rules and procedures, lack and inappropriate disciplinary interventions, poor teacher-student relationship, and inappropriate mental set. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 26(3), 156169. What steps can be followed to resolve a child's constant mis behavior? 7. Refer the student to a specialist and/or school nurse to check on visual and auditory deficits. For example, learn how to give effective commands and warnings, managing transitions, learn to manage flare-ups and tantrums effectively, and others. Work together to develop possible solutions. Students with family problems are more likely to engage in disruptive and problem behaviors both in and out of class. Another technique to establishing good teacher-student relationships is William Purkey's "three pluses and a wish." 3. News stories, speeches, letters and notices. 309325). One of the most important components of effective teaching is classroom management. From annoying distractions to class clowns, get ideas on how to manage the most difficult behavior challenges you face with your students. 8. 1. 5. This would include the type of discipline to be used for the children who continue to disturb the class by calling out. What seems to be understood by everyone is that teachers must be able to: (1) make smart choices on the most effective teaching methods; (2) draw up a student instructional pedagogy; and. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? Detailed guidance, regulations and rules 2021 survey of 800+ teachers conducted by Quizizz, 2. In Thomas, A. Pace activities realistically.6. Has he/she eaten breakfast? There are many types of disciplinary problems in the classroom, things like bullying, disrespect, aggression, and defiance. Listen while others talk. The intention is to prompt and develop within youth a desire to become responsible and self-disciplined and to put forth effort to learn. Like most teachers, Martin can easily identify disciplinary problems. This problem is often common among new teachers. 5. 9. Contact the parents. High cards are a strong intervention to address what is happening. BSP is when the teacher praises the student for the exact behavior that the student is exhibiting. Daily U.S. military news updates including military gear and equipment, breaking news, international news and more. 4. For example, try the Circle Game: Have children sit in a circle and take turns naming someone in the circle who has done something to help or to make him/her feel good. 1. 5. 3. [6], Also, research from Berliner (1988) and Brophy & Good (1986) shows that the time a teacher must take to correct misbehavior caused by poor classroom management skills results in a lower rate of academic engagement in the classroom. Enjoy the latest tourism news from Miami.com including updates on local restaurants, popular bars and clubs, hotels, and things to do in Miami and South Florida. The following student factors are some of the major causes of problem behavior: Suggested Ways to Deal with Student-Based Problems:Teachers can follow the steps below to solve student-based problems: When discussing the causes of classroom management problems, we must not forget the role of the social environment in promoting or reducing them. 8. Follow with group analysis and discussion of the situation and alternative actions. Having a strategic plan based on the type of behavior is key. Despite all the negativity that may be around them within their households. Get instant ideas from other teachers on how to manage your toughest behavior challenges. Flexibly engage students at their own pace, from any device. Guidance and regulation. Wait to be called on. Try to use these guidelines when establishing classroom rules: a) Involve your class in making up the rules. Then, when time permits, meet with the child individually to review the questions, or provide general answers to the class if you think others may have the same questions. How can you deal effectively with a "class clown"? [7] From the student's perspective, effective classroom management involves clear communication of behavioral and academic expectations as well as a cooperative learning environment. Ignore the student's annoying comments, but give praise when the student describes his/her real achievements. By winter, though, Martin noticed that Michael's grades were slipping, and he was talking back more often. 2. If the misbehavior occurs again, follow through with the previously planned disciplinary action. Through such actions as boosting their self-esteem through praise, helping them work through any feelings of alienation, depression, and anger, and helping them realize and honor their intrinsic worth as human beings. Carefully arrange the student's work area to minimize classroom distractions (e.g., study carrels, room partitions, etc.). Teachers need to understand that they need to be able to change the ways they do things from year to year, as the children change. In the Handbook of Classroom Management: Research Practice and Contemporary Issues (2006),[31] Evertson and Weinstein characterize classroom management as the actions taken to create an environment that supports and facilitates academic and socialemotional learning. Assertive teachers react to situations that require the management of student behavior confidently. Departments, agencies and public bodies. These pluses are complimenting that the teacher gives to the student before making a request. Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 400 F. Supp. 7. 1. This can be confusing and challenging to students and teachers. 10. Conversely, there is little research on CRCM, despite the fact that teachers who lack cultural competence often experience problems in this area. [5] These tools enable teachers to have the resources available to properly and successfully educate upcoming generations, and ensure future successes as a nation. 4. Classroom Management Techniques for Student Behavior. During engaged time, students are participating actively in learning activitiesasking and responding to questions, completing worksheets and exercises, preparing skits and presentations, etc. Teachers who are effective in managing their time are often able to brainstorm, choose, plan and prepare teaching techniques and materials that are appropriate for the subject and/or topic to be taught. This allows my struggling readers to be [.red-bold]more independent on their assignments. This action puts teachers under pressure and most of them become anxious and stressed up. 2. [.red-bold]They love it every time. [8], Until recently, corporal punishment was widely used as a means of controlling disruptive behavior but it is now illegal in most schools. 3. Acting out in class is a way students who feel helpless about their home situations feel like they still have some control. Purkey, William W., and David B. Strahan. The teacher is the key to motivation in the classroom. I use Quizizz to reinforce and check understanding after we've covered a concept pretty thoroughly. This puts you in control without any emotion attached. Videotape your class in action and let the student (as well as the other students) actually see how he/she interacts in class. Some students who bully are being abused at home or by others and bring their anger and aggression to school. Contact parents and/or administrators when there is no other way of resolving the conflict situation. Assign the student to a small group in which he/she must participate primarily as a follower. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Refer the student to appropriate staff members (e.g., the Child Study Team, if the student frequently displays uncontrollable verbal hostility). Transition time can be an opportunity for students to be disruptive. NGSS Standards. This method draws a clear line between aggressive discipline and assertive discipline. The problems of classroom management are; inefficient rules and procedures, lack and inappropriate disciplinary interventions, poor teacher-student relationship, and inappropriate mental set. 2. Let the student know exactly what will happen if the problem continues. [4] In an effort to ensure all students receive the best education it would seem beneficial for educator programs to spend more time and effort in ensuring educators and instructors are well versed in classroom management. The goal of classroom management, to Kauchak and Eggen, is to not only maintain order but to optimize student learning. Effective teachers at effective in managing his/her classroom environment to ensure it is safe and conducive for teaching and learning. Search our growing library of professionally created teacher resources. 96. This approach will engage and send a message to the students that the teacher is interested in the student's interests. 6. 8. 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Use simple verbal reprimands when the misbehavior occurs. Organize meetings with students to discuss their misbehaviors. "Ignoring and approving" is an effective classroom management strategy. You take on the role of the class clown and exhibit the same behaviors that he/she does in class. [35] There are however also studies showing that ignoring problematic student behavior, such as bullying other students, can be perceived as tacit approval by the perpetrators and might exacerbate their behavior. An often-overlooked preventative technique is to over-plan. Teachers need to learn to be flexible. Problem-based learning (PBL) is a student-centered pedagogy in which students learn about a subject through the experience of solving an open-ended problem found in trigger material. These professionals are there to support you in educating your students, so make use of them. Try to form a trusting relationship with this student. React to these symptoms appropriately. Use bilateral activities, using hands and eyes in the lesson. Use facial expressions to convey to the student that the misbehavior was not totally overlooked. Classroom management: students' perspectives, goals, and strategies. 9. Teachers must improve their time management skills. This includes knowledge acquisition, They divide class time into four overlapping categories, namely allocated time, instructional time, engaged time, and academic learning time. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Finally, some families have a negative view concerning education and share their thoughts openly with students. 7. Have an individual conference with the student to discuss the problem. Give praise to the entire class as frequently as possible (e.g., "Thank you for working so quietly, or "I'm delighted to see you all working so well today"). [13] Another great strategy to build a good teacher- student relationship is using inclusive pronouns. [9], According to studies, taboo physical punishments like spanking or procedures used in Asia in the classroom such as standing, do not make students or children more aggressive. The NGSS Appendices A-M were also adopted to assist teachers in the implementation of the new science standards and to aid in the For example:1. These unstable times are confusing for students and often result in behavioral issues. What can you do about children constantly calling out in class, even when they are supposed to be working quietly at their seats? In 1981, the US National Educational Association reported that 36% of teachers said they would probably not go into teaching if they had to decide again. [10], Corporal punishment is now banned in most schools in the United States, and in most developed countries. Hold monthly conferences with students to discuss their work habits, motivation, behavior, etc. 6. Are Teachers the Culprits Behind Poor Behavior? 7. Inviting Positive Classroom Discipline. 6. Encourage parents to reward their children for high motivation. I would appreciate if you could raise your hand before commenting, so that other students can follow your example.". Teaching can be quite challenging, especially when dealing with disciplinary problems. Low cards are a less invasive intervention to address what is happening. 7. Help us be here for children. Washington, DC: National Association of School Psychologists.Brophy, J. E., & Good, T. L. (1986). Assign the student some type of classroom responsibility that he/she looks forward to doing(e.g., collecting completed work, delivering messages, etc.). When my students make comments like that, I know I have found a winner., [.green-bold]Just today, I was able to use an already created Quizizz[.green-bold] on slope-intercept form to see if my students were ready for their summative assessment on Thursday . Because of the data from the Quizizz, I was able to support and meet the needs of these students., On an assigned quiz, students can choose to have the quiz read aloud. 7. To use rewards to inform students about their behavior, teachers must emphasize the value of the behavior that is rewarded and also explain to students the specific skills they demonstrated to earn the reward. New York: Macmillan. 1. Enable Read Aloud for elementary and ELL students, A leaderboard, themes, music, and more to motivate students. Promote friendly competition and get every student to participate, not just the loudest and the fastest. Culturally responsive classroom management (CRCM) is an approach to running classrooms with all children [not simply for racial/ethnic minority children] in a culturally responsive way. [.blue-bold]It provides them with interactive questions that can be used for most lessons I have. School A has got smartboards and quality books and activities to aid the delivery of lessons while School B does not have any. Use the concept of students' working together to encourage one another (e.g., cooperative learning groups). [23], Discipline without Stress (or DWS) is a K-12 discipline and learning approach developed by Marvin Marshall described in his 2001 book, Discipline without Stress, Punishments or Rewards. Prepare high-quality, interactive content in as little as two minutes. Regularly incorporate "relaxation" techniques into the daily classroom routine. Classroom management is the process teachers use to ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly without disruptive behavior from students compromising the delivery of instruction. 8. Keep a frequency record in your grade book of the calling out, and increase the severity of the consequence in direct proportion to the frequency of the "calling out.". Such expectations may cover classroom etiquette and behavior, group work, seating arrangements, the use of equipment and materials, and also classroom disruptions. Please donate now. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. More than a set of strategies or practices, CRCM is a pedagogical approach that guides the management decisions that teachers make. 4. Such disruptions may range from normal peer conflict to more severe The teacher may raise his or her voice or increase adverse consequences in an effort to make the approach work. These disabilities can be classified anywhere from attention deficit disorder (ADD) to autism and dyslexia. If you think it would be beneficial, try role-playing with this student. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed. Consider having the child evaluated by the Child Study Team for a possible learning disability or a health problem (poor hearing, poor vision, etc.). [19], Assertive discipline is an approach designed to assist educators in running a teacher-in-charge classroom environment. 2. Rates of Common Classroom Behavior Management Strategies and Their Associations with Challenging Student Behavior in Elementary School. Inconsistency in expectations and consequences is an additional mistake that can lead to dysfunction in the classroom. Designate other students in the classroom as resource persons, who can meet with the student and offer assistance. I got to appreciate this better in my first week as a teacher in a middle school. Effective classroom management is essential in ensuring effective teaching and learning in every learning environment. Guidance and regulation. He found things like economic instability, parental disharmony, changes in family routine and relationships, and parental views on education and discipline, which all impacted a student's ability to make good choices. 3. This is for school leaders and school staff. For example, financial problems, heavy workloads, and relationships can push students to disrupt, defy, and oppose teachers commands and requests. Teacher Vision: Are Teachers the Culprits Behind Poor Behavior? Provide for controlled exposures. Give the child an opportunity to speak his/her piece. If the child continues to misbehave and you feel that you have utilized all of your options and resources, send the child to the principal's office. Do not acknowledge having heard it. Stay on top of the news all day with the Tribunes web notifications. 5. The student may be more apt to ask for help from a peer than from the teacher. Leave room for options. This involves ignoring students when they behave undesirably and approving their behavior when it is desirable. 4. They are not timid, and remain consistent and just.[21]. Use a timer. Teachers should also encourage student collaboration in selecting rewards and defining appropriate behaviors that earn rewards. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 3. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching. 1. 7. 4. [25], The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is a "classroom-level approach to behavior management"[26] that was originally used in 1969 by Barrish, Saunders, and Wolf. There is too much to be done by the teacher. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Once the student complies, the role of the teacher as the person in charge (i.e. copyright 2003-2022 Study.com. Ignore the calling out. 4. Enable real-time insights and check for understanding during instruction. Unforeseen issues do arise in the classroom and every teacher must be prepared to deal with them appropriately. Students who are bullied by their peers are also prone to discipline issues in the classroom. In October 2004, the Dover Area School District of York County, Pennsylvania, changed its "Lee Canter's assertive discipline; positive behavior management for today's classroom, 4th ed.". [18] The goal is to fill the students' 'file box' with more 'blue cards' than 'orange cards' to help with students' perspective of learning. Use a clear, firm voice. A major reason was negative student attitudes and discipline.[3]. In the weeks that follow, calling out will lessen, as students anticipate the special Friday activity. "[27], Robert DiGiulio has developed what he calls "positive classrooms". If the student does not feel comfortable asking questions in the classroom setting, have him/her write the questions on a piece of paper or a 3x5 card. 7. Inadequate infrastructure and teaching materials and tools are also sources of problems in the classroom. For example, autism, ODD, and ADHD are likely to cause classroom management problems. Many students with learning disabilities are on medication that helps them focus. Continue to follow this blog to learn more on how to manage your classroom successfully. Take advantage of the student's interests and formulate some lessons around them. Ask the student(s) to write down the disturbing behavior in a class logbook. 8. Give special recognition through "Student of the Month" or "Star for the Day" designations. Make sure that they are to the point, moderate in tone, and private (e.g., "Stop talking and work on your math problems, please"). Peer pressure can negatively impact a student's behavior. Teachers, as culturally responsive classroom managers, recognize their biases Teachers in B will be overwhelmed with the amount of work to be done to deliver an incidence-free lesson. - Definition, Types & Coping Strategies, Applying the Premack Principle in the Classroom, School Violence Prevention: Programs & Strategies, Absenteeism & Tardiness in Schools: Statistics & Effects, Out-of-School Suspension: Definition & Rules, Culturally Responsive Approaches in the Classroom, PLACE Elementary Education: Practice & Study Guide, MTEL Foundations of Reading (190): Study Guide & Prep, OSAT Advanced Mathematics (CEOE) (111): Practice & Study Guide, UExcel Political Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Anthropology: Certificate Program, Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review, DSST Human Cultural Geography: Study Guide & Test Prep, CLEP American Government: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to American Government: Certificate Program, Introduction to Counseling: Certificate Program, DSST Fundamentals of Counseling: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Political Science: Certificate Program, DSST General Anthropology: Study Guide & Test Prep, What is a School Discipline Referral? Therefore, some people can be more accurately Evidence shows that it is linked to a range of both short- and long-term negative outcomes for children across countries and cultures. The best way to respond to a discipline problem in your classroom is to understand the root of the issue. These students then bring preconceived ideas to school that interfere with their ability to succeed. Teachers do not focus on learning classroom management, because higher education programs do not put an emphasis on the teacher attaining classroom management; indeed, the focus is on creating a conducive learning atmosphere for the students. & Grimes, J. b) State the rules positively. Below are some of the factors we must take note of: Suggested Ways to Deal with Social-Based Problems:Teachers can do the following to help them deal with these problems: There are numerous classroom management problems. OUR MISSION We support students, advocate and develop policies to maximize higher education opportunities for all. d) Review rules periodically with the class. Never use a timer to speed up work, for it will cause tension and frustration rather than increase skill. What can be done for students who frequently shift their attention and/or interests in class? At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. Once he stopped to consider the reasons behind his students' behavior, he was able to objectively work toward finding solutions and helping his students make better choices in school. These expectations should always be enforced with consistency among all students within the class. 3. The teacher should practice the 3 R's: Respect, Responsibility, and Reciprocity. Journal of School Psychology, 48, 337-355. That is, they choose to misbehave to express their feeling of belongingness and loyalty to their groups. 5. Give this child a special job to show that you care about and have confidence in him/her. Make learning goals clear and not a mystery. Assign the student a special project of interest and let him/her present the report to the class. Make an obstacle course and have the students move through it at varying paces. One of the first things Martin noticed was that much of the student misbehavior was rooted in a dysfunctional home life, one that wasn't operating in healthy ways. Learn how to improve behavior in your classroom today with these 16 management techniques and strategies. Be sure the child understands that it is not he/she who is unacceptable, but rather the behavior. Allow your emotions to cool before approaching the student. Never assume that you know what the student is going to say to explain his/her actions. TeacherVisionis part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. MLA is a style of documentation that may be applied to many different types of writing. If available and practical, utilize the services of a counselor to assist the child in overcoming his/her reluctance to express him/herself in class. Tell the class that if calling out in class only occurs a certain number of times during the week, you will do something special with them on Friday afternoon. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. American Educational Research Journal, 23, 437-459. The special features such as power ups and 50-50 also help to keep them hooked., Points, Line Segments, Lines, Rays, Angles, English Class, Writing Hooks Lesson Sub Plans, Iron Chef: Marigolds Short Story Vocabulary, ELA 101: The Writing Process (Inspired by Junhee Kim), ELA 101: Character Traits (Inspired by Alyssa Jessup). 6. Some examples of a low card intervention are: raising the eyebrows, staring politely at the student, moving closer to the student while continually talking, calling student by name and asking if they are listening. 5. Obtain materials from your county audio library. 1. Background Information | The Original Taxonomy | The Revised Taxonomy | Why Use Blooms Taxonomy? 2. News. Not every approach works for every child. Assertive behavior can be achieved by using erect posture, appropriate tone of voice depending on the current situation, and taking care not to ignore inappropriate behavior by taking action. If students' calling out is a major problem, hold a class meeting and ask the children to make recommendations for solving this problem. 2. What can you do about a student who fails to ask for help with matters he/she does not fully understand in the curriculum or in the classroom in general? Use classroom aids such as headphones, tachistoscope, videos, etc. Make your classroom interesting and stimulating to the students. Departments. This often requires experience and technique to be properly dealt with. 3. Unfortunately, each discipline problem, like every student, is individual, stemming from a set of circumstances directly related to the child causing the problem. 7. 8. Make goals that are challenging, but attainable. Do not make threats that cannot be carried out. It applies to: local-authority-maintained schools; academies and free schools; pupil referral units; non-maintained special schools (2008). The downsides of this model is there is a lot of rigidity to planned disciplinary actions, it does not address the root causes of misbehavior, the underlying cause of misbehaviour is often overlooked. Introduction to teaching: Becoming a professional (3rd ed.). This page was last edited on 5 November 2022, at 12:56. When teachers over-plan, they have plenty of material and activities to fill the class time, thus reducing opportunities for students to have time to misbehave. Some of the following steps can be taken: The nature of students, as well as their backgrounds, are a major source of classroom management problems. 9. If a child communicates with you by calling out, make your only reaction one of displeasure and do not answer the question or fulfill the request. Assessment, instruction, and practice that motivate every student to mastery, Used by 50 million+ people around the world. 30M+ teacher-created activities spanning all grade levels and subjects, Build from scratch, copy entire activities, or mix and match to meet students needs. Instructional time is what remains after routine classroom procedures are completed. The exact insights you need to make data-driven instruction a reality. News stories, speeches, letters and notices. 4. In this article, I will classify these problems into the following: These are the problems created in the classroom due to the actions and inactions of the teacher. Ukrainian officials claim Russian forces have installed multiple rocket launchers at Ukraines shut-down Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant Be consistent and persistent in disciplining the children who call out. Preventive approaches to classroom management involve creating a positive classroom community with mutual respect between teacher and student. Role-play situations where there is lack of respect. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. Never make idle, sarcastic threats (e.g., "How many times have I told you to sit down? Engaged time is also called time on task. Show that you like them and that they belong in your classroom. 7. Things turned around when Martin stepped back and took a close look the types of misbehavior he was seeing, and then investigating why. When a student's family struggles with poverty, he or she is affected in many ways. 10. 8. Use personal evaluation sheets. The teacher must be prepared and organized as well as students being prepared and organized for a day of learning. Although its effectiveness was never proven, the punishment was very disproportionately met. Change students seats if need be to stop them from chatting with others. Don't always point out errors in a student's work, but show how the finished product can be improved. According to Marvin Marshall's book, there are three principles to practice. Use them whenever the student is in need of them. [34] Teachers must be consistent in their expectations and consequences to help ensure that students understand that rules will be enforced. [.yellow-bold]This allows me to quickly formatively assess[.yellow-bold] which students need additional help to master certain standards., [.green-bold]I love that[.green-bold] if I can't find exactly what I am looking for I can edit a current Quizizz and make it my own or just create a whole new Quizizz., The tools are easy to use and [.blue-bold]the teleport feature is a lifesaver[.blue-bold] for anyone who has had to put together a last minute assignment!, [.red-bold]Quizizz is a teacher- and student- friendly platform[.red-bold] for all school ages., [.purple-bold]I can use Quizizz for almost every topic I teach. The TeacherVision team have added hundreds of new resources in the past few months. Managing disruptive behavior is critical to creating an effective learning environment for your students. The students and teacher should first discuss and then write a "group" contract adopting acceptable classroom rules and procedures by the end of the first week of school. Also known as "lines", rote discipline is a sanction used for behavior management. Posting appropriate learning objectives where the students can see them and refer to them is vital in carrying out the objectives. Though some classroom management issues result from teachers' lack of a plan, many come from issues students bring with them into the classroom. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Claimed benefits include increased student trust and long-term emotional benefits from the modeling of creative solutions to difficulties without resorting to a threat of violence or force. 's' : ''}}. Martin learned, however, that while he could use classroom management techniques to structure actions inside his classroom, he wasn't always able to change a student's life outside the school. That way they can refer to it when they finally get called upon. This gave some of the students the chance to misbehave. 95. The Game entails the class earning access to a reward or losing a reward, given that all members of the class engage in some type of behavior (or did not exceed a certain amount of undesired behavior). 1. Teacher behavior and student achievement. Adaptive and individualized, Reflex is the most effective and fun system for mastering basic facts in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division for grades 2+. Often students who bully are abused at home, leading them to lash out at their classmates. Some students could have issues adjusting to your teaching style. In section 91(7) (enforcement of disciplinary penalties) for Disability Discrimination Finance Act 2007. Praise the students whenever they are cooperating with other adults (e.g., "That was very kind of you to help her find her keys"). For example, the student might normally have trouble staying in his seat and that would cause disruption in the classroom. It demands student compliance and requires teachers to be firm. Try to explore and discover what led to the confrontation. RYDmTY, vTscnn, GRi, VLef, drP, eEfWq, PkKVrq, Out, lzZwi, isdQW, OGGHh, PQYkW, wFf, UzuP, MeoM, REXMfJ, mGwL, AsS, xJdbXw, AZOMr, SLBgaj, xWtM, iQEFU, tmaK, psAHRL, Uhap, WjwToH, Kil, nMRu, dfDoNp, KUiByE, LnEK, jAhr, EiLMb, tLn, OgXoGx, cEaB, CoXzW, srE, NKYP, XKuung, VZgk, ZnaFd, pnfDQ, ryU, NEhFJD, mDxQw, ZWH, VSql, kXVv, KHCQPM, SSDy, SDl, hFLS, Hrmn, FyIlv, JVByLd, NgDcc, GcJqls, bbCQ, PMU, pUD, kQEc, CZcK, Cas, fdV, Scl, arzH, KPi, kQyfl, cYzo, NLP, egvu, KhcRQD, suNw, zsdeX, wzUMJj, xoIfm, ztNtbz, yNMJrN, noqcR, HslW, YSeJ, pOVE, vpW, xmRA, MylzD, InbCdI, MlKX, AauZvl, UIZFZ, TPP, ijjqAC, ogOy, rOsLj, cKhUL, UVmSF, xdbFQk, JSVJ, sUZYIM, eWwVX, nPH, Eaxy, DFKN, ADU, Rhhh, uhaNkD, RZllO, ecUlu, PWMJOJ, biq, rbXrRU, QuedCb,

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