This discrepancy may be caused by two mechanisms: (1) the dependence of relative size between saltating particles and surface creeping particles on the particle size distribution of sand sample; (2) the size-dependent charge segregation of granular materials, i.e., larger and smaller particles tend to charge positively and negatively, respectively. Four sonic anemometers were mounted on anemometer tower to obtain wind velocity. An \alpha source was placed in an evacuated chamber with a fluorescent screen. Q. Neutrons have no charge. Alpha radiation has been identified as helium nuclei that have been stripped of their planetary electrons, and each consists of two protons and two neutrons. If a charged particle of charge to mass ratio `(q/m) = alpha` centers in a magnetic field of strength B at a speed `v=(2 alpha d) (B),` then A. angle subtended by the path of charged particle in magnetic field at the centre of circular path is `2pi` B. For example, wind-tunnel measurements by Xing15 indicated that the size of saltating particles depend on the particle size distribution of sand sample. 67 10 7 C K g - 1 Helium has a charge of +2e. A possible explanation for this is that compared with the field, there is a larger difference of mean diameters between saltating and creeping particles in wind-tunnel. That is, the magnitude of their respective charges, which are equal each other, is 1. What is the charge of an alpha particle positive or negative? Qu J. J., Yan M. H., Dong G. R., Zhang H. F., ZU R. P., Tuo W. Q., Zhao A. G., Xiao Z. H., Li F. & Yang B. In addition, the charge polarity of saltating particles depends on the relative size between saltating and creeping particles, and the magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio is determined by wind velocity and the relative size difference ratio between saltating and creeping particles. charge of an particle. Why are you allowed to use the coarse adjustment when you focus the low power objective lens? HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The proton, with its 1 to 1 ratio of charge to mass, will have a greater . Alpha particles () are positively charged and made up of two protons and two neutrons from the atoms nucleus. The charge on 1 proton is 1.6 x 10 19 C. Alpha particle, positively charged particle, identical to the nucleus of the helium-4 atom, spontaneously emitted by some radioactive substances, consisting of two protons and two neutrons bound together, thus having a mass of four units and a positive charge of two. To learn how to calculate the propagation of error when working and algebraically manipulating measured quantities. The field measurements were made on May 18, 2013 at the Surface Layer Turbulence and Environmental Science Test (SLTEST) facility in the Minqin, China. The charges. Next, place a sheet of paper between the source and the monitor. In this paper, the charge-to-mass ratio vertical profiles of saltating particles in wind-blown sand were measured by a field experiments. Alpha particles are generally produced during standard radioactive decay. 1208RJYA006) and National Key Technology R&D Program (No. Four charge-to-mass ratio measurement systems were respectively mounted at 0.03, 0.05 . An alpha particle is identical to a helium atom that has been stripped of its two electrons; thus, an alpha particle contains two protons and two neutrons. Which type of chromosome region is identified by C-banding technique? The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder in order to reproduce the material. The two protons also have a charge of + 2. So this means that the number of protons in the helium nucleus is equal to $ 2 $ . Our measured results may be helpful to improve the understanding of sand electrification in wind-blown sand. Specific charge . If the counts are significantly reduced, the source emits alpha particles. The heaviest of these particles is the neutron. Mass of alpha particle compared to proton It is identical to a helium nucleus that has a mass number of 4 and an electrostatic charge of +2. The charge of alpha particle is 2q that is twice the charge on proton whereas mass of alpha particle is 4m where m is the mass of proton. 4m whereas mass of electron is around 1900 times lighter than proton so mass of electron ~ A proton, an electron and an alpha particle are at rest. FOIA As shown in Figure 3, both in wind-tunnel and field measurements the mean diameters of saltating particles above 2cm height are approximately constant with height. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. It consists of two neutrons and two protons, and is thus identical to the nucleus of a helium atom. Smallest charge to mass ratio Largest charge to mass ratio alpha electron electron alpha electron proton proton electron Question: 25. Mass-to-charge ratio. It exits the electric field and enters a uniform magnetic field, perpendicular to the field direction. Charge Of Proton - Proton, a stable subatomic particle that has a positive charge equal in magnitude to a unit of electron charge and a rest mass of 1.67262 10 27 kg, which is 1,836 times the mass of an electron. T.B. Hence, the charge on an alpha particle is equal to $ 3.2 \times {10^{ 19}}C $ . If you dont remember what an ampere is, head to our Ohms law calculator. The binding energy of an alpha particle is 28.11 million electron volts Answer to: An alpha particle has a mass of 6.6 10 27 kg and is accelerated by a voltage of 1.09 kV. In addition, the variation of particle size with wind velocity is unobvious. T.B. alpha particle-electron mass ratio atomic mass unit-electron volt relationship deuteron-electron mass ratio electron charge to mass quotient electron mass electron mass energy equivalent electron mass energy equivalent in MeV electron mass in u electron molar mass electron relative atomic mass Alpha particles carry a positive charge, beta particles carry a negative charge, and gamma rays are neutral. What does the 218 in polonium-218 represent? SPC-91 records the diameter di and the number of saltating particles ni of each particle bin, thus the probability of i-th particle bin is . alpha particle, positively charged particle, identical to the nucleus of the helium -4 atom, spontaneously emitted by some radioactive substances, consisting of two protons and two neutrons bound together, thus having a mass of four units and a positive charge of two. Alpha radiation has been identified as helium nuclei that have been stripped of their planetary electrons, and each consists of two protons and two neutrons. Collapse. This suggests that for different particle size distributions of sand sample, the relative size between saltating and creeping particles is quite different. and transmitted securely. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Generally stopped by a few centimetres of air or by the skin. Four charge-to-mass ratio measurement systems were respectively mounted at 0.03, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.10m height above the surface, which spaced 0.3m apart along a line perpendicular to the dominant wind direction. But the alpha particle also has a pair of neutrons fuesed to those 2 protons, so it has a 2 to 4 charge to mass ratio. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The previous measurements only obtained the average charge-to-mass ratio due to the limitation of experimental apparatus and conditions. Measure R (the radius of the electron beam) for at least four settings of V (the accelerating voltage). Alpha particle is a helium nucleus containing two protons and two neutrons so its charge is twice the proton's charge while the mass is about 4 times greater. Answer:0.05 mole 4825 Coulomb of charge is contained in = of protons. The rest mass of the alpha particle amounts to 6.64424.10^-27 kg Alpha radiation is the radia. Alpha Particle. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Is Clostridium difficile Gram-positive or negative? This research was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 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Mass of an electron (me) = 9.109 *10-31 kilograms. Click Start Quiz to begin! This article lets us know about alpha particle mass in detail, along with examples. Theoretical studies by Hu et al.12 and Bo et al.13 indicated that the charge-to-mass ratio increases with the impacting velocity of saltating particles, but decreases with the diameter of saltating particles. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. would imply that the particle charge to mass ratio is inversely proportional to the particle diameter. (b) Instrument array plan of deployment. Field measurements consisted of the wind velocity, charge-to-mass ratio, and the particle size distribution of saltating particles. 9.6 times 10 to the seven. Since e / m is proportional to 1 / R 2, you should make an effort to measure R with small uncertainty. Cathode rays have same charge to mass ratio as (A) -particles (B) -rays (C) Anode rays (D) Protons An official website of the United States government. A positively charged particle called an alpha particle is released during the radioactive disintegration of certain substances. The top number, 4, is the mass number or the total of the protons and neutrons in the particle. So the e/m ratio is 1/1=1 Alpha particles are alternatively known as Alpha radiation or Alpha rays. Alpha particle is nucleus of helium. wrote the main manuscript text and H.Z. answer choices A B C D Question 3 60 seconds Q. X is a radioactive nuclide that decays to a stable nuclide. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. & Dent J. D. The possible importance of electrical force in the development of snow cornices, Measurements of electric charge distribution in volcanic plumes at Sakurajima Volcano, Japan, Electrical activity and dust lifting on Earth, Mars, and beyond, Laboratory measurement of electrification of wind-blown sands and simulation of its effect on sand saltation movement. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. What is mass and charge does an alpha particle have? Although the most common oxidation states of carbon are +4 and +2, carbon is able to make ions with oxidation states of +3, +1, -1, -2, and -3. moves in a circular path in a magnetic field B that is directed perpendicular to the path of Express your answer to three significant figures and . It means that the mean diameters may slightly affect the variation of charge-to-mass ratios with height within the saltation layer. will also be available for a limited time. Four sand particle counter probes were installed in two SPC-91 sensors to obtain the particle size distribution at the measured heights of charge-to-mass ratio. The mass of a protons is what we need. Let the charge of the proton be + e , then the charge of the alpha particle will be + 2 e . an atom and the sum of the masses of its constituent particles. Alpha Particle: Value: Alpha Particle mass in Kg: 6.644657230(82) 10-27 Kg: Mass of alpha particle in amu: 4.001506179127(63) u: Mass of alpha particle in eV: 3.727379378(23) GeV/c 2: Alpha particle mass number: 4: Alpha particle charge: Positive: Alpha particle symbol: , &alpha 2+, He 2+. 2013BAC07B01). The electrostatic charges can generate an intense electric field, and thus affect the transport and lifting of particles. prepared figures 15. Also, register to BYJUS-The Learning App for loads of interactive, engaging physics-related videos and an unlimited academic assist. Note that only the nucleus is given out, not the electrons, so an alpha particle always has a charge of +2, due to the presence of two protons. Alpha particle, positively charged particle, identical to the nucleus of the helium -4 atom, spontaneously emitted by some radioactive substances, consisting of two protons and two neutrons bound together, thus having a mass of four units and a positive charge of two. Here, r is the radius of curvature of the path of a charged particle with mass m and charge q, moving at a speed v that is perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength B. Alpha particles are helium nuclei and consist of two protons and two neutrons. 5 related topics. Therefore, according to the role of size-dependent charge segregation', the saltating particles are reasonability expected to charge positively and negatively in wind-tunnel and field experiments respectively, which is in agreement with our measured results. Why are alpha particles particles positively charged? As the saltating particles pass through the slit between the transmitter and receiver laser beam, the SPC-91 detects the signal changes to measure the diameter from 30 to 500m with 32 bin steps and the number of saltating particles of each bin. In wind-blown sand, the speed and diameter of saltating particles vary with height and wind velocity, and thus the charge-to-mass ratio must be affected by sand diameter and wind velocity. The saltating particles arrive at the Faraday cup through a double-layer steel tube. All authors reviewed the manuscript. The question is asked about the ratio between charge to mass ratio (e/m) of alpha particle and charge to mass ratio (e/m) of proton. Alpha particle, positively charged particle, identical to the nucleus of the helium -4 atom, spontaneously emitted by some radioactive substances, consisting of two protons and two neutrons bound together, thus having a mass of four units and a positive charge of two. Wind tunnel simulation experiment and investigation on the electrification of sandstorms. Alpha particles are particles that consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus. Step 3) Now from number of neutrons subtract 2 and from number of protons subtract 2 as an alpha particle has 2 neutrons and 2 protons and in an alpha decay an alpha particle will always form in case of any any father nucleus. . It is a positively charged particle emitted from the decay of various radioactive materials. The mass of an alpha particle is-, Alpha particle mass is m = 6.644657230(82) 10-27 Kg. Learn more For the wind-tunnel experiment, the velocity of saltating particles increases with wind velocity (as shown in Figure 4), and above 2cm height the variation of mean particle size with height is unobvious (as shown in Figure 5). For proton, specific charge = e/m For alpha particle, specific charge = 2e/4m Therefore there ratio is : (e/m) * (4m/2e) = 2:1 Advertisement (Image to be added soon) If we take value up to six digits after decimal, then it will be 1.758820 1011Ckg-1. The particle size distribution of saltating sand particles was obtained by sand particle counter (SPC-91, Niigata Electric Co., Ltd.). They are having a +2 charge and atomic mass of 4u So the e/m value will be 2/4=1/2 Proton is positive particle with atomic mass 1u. That is, once saltating particles entrance into Faraday cup through input hole, electrometer and electronic balance can record the variation of the charge and mass of sand particles collected in the Faraday cup, and thus we can determine the variation of the charge-to-mass ratio of saltating particles. The alpha particle is 7294 times as massive as an electron. The What is mass and charge does an alpha particle have? The unit of electric charge is a Coulomb (symbol: C). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Our results show that: 1) the magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio of saltating particles increases exponentially with the height above the surface; 2) the charge polarity of saltating particles depends on the relative size between saltating and creeping particles, for example, if the size of saltating particles is smaller than creeping particles, then the saltating particles charge negatively; 3) the magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio of saltating particles increase with the relative size difference ratio; 4) the magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio of saltating particles decreases with wind velocity in wind-tunnel but increases with velocity in field. This indicates that as wind velocity increases the decrease in charge-to-mass ratio may be mainly caused by the variation of particle velocity. Electron charge, (symbol e), fundamental physical constant expressing the naturally occurring unit of electric charge, equal to 1.602176634 10 19 coulomb. +2e Let mass of proton be m mass of alpha particle : mass of 2 protons + mass . & Simoens S. Forward K. M., Lacks D. J. PMC legacy view Which particle has the smallest magnitude of ratio of charge to mass and which particle has the largest magnitude of ratio of charge to mass? 2 What is the charge of an alpha particle positive or negative? Alpha particle has two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium nucleus. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. According to the theories proposed by Hu et al.12 and Bo et al.13, i.e., charge-to-mass ratios is proportional to the relative size difference ratio, and then the larger charge-to-mass ratio in wind-tunnel experiments can be interpreted by its larger relative size difference ratio compared to the field experiments. The mass of alpha- particle is 6.8 xx 10^ (-27) kg and its charge is twice the charge of proton, i.e., 3.2 xx 10^ (-19) C . They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay, but may also be produced in other ways. The mass ratio is minus 27 k g. It's the same formula. Therefore, it indicates that the variation of charge-to-mass ratios with height is mainly affected by the change in particle velocity. The mass of a beta particle is 0.000548579909 amu. more e of 50v another particle B of mass 4m and charge q is accelerated by a potential differnce of 2500V. On other planets, such as the Mars, the electric fields due to dust electrification in wind-blown sand, and other dusty phenomena can also affect the atmospheric chemistry and exploration7. In alpha decay, an unstable nucleus will emit an alpha particle, which is a helium nucleus composed of two protons and neutrons. I'm telling you that 1.67 has 10 to the minus 27 k g and then you use your calculator. A numerical study by Dupont et al.16 also found that for mean sand diameter is 90m, the saltating particles are smaller than surface creeping particles; for mean sand diameter is 200m, the saltating particles are larger than surface creeping particles. By combining the field measurements results and our previous wind-tunnel experimental data, we discussed the factors affecting the polarity of charge-to-mass ratio, and how the magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio depends on wind velocity and the relative difference in sand particle size. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". As can be seen form Figure 3, with the height increasing the velocities of saltating particles increases exponentially. In fact, the working section of wind-tunnel has limited length, and thus as the particle velocity increases the number of collisions between saltating and creeping particles decreases. A proton (charge +e, mass mp), a deuteron (charge +e, mass 2mp), and an alpha particle (charge +2e, mass 4mp) , Physics professor since 1977. Step 1: We will first determine the charge mass ratio of the proton and alpha particle: Let's consider. One kind of radiation is a particle of matter, called the alpha particle. 4 What is smaller an electron or an alpha particle? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". On the other hand, previous studies also did not account for the effects of wind velocity and relative size difference between sand particles on the magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio. Copy. The mass of an alpha particle is 4.001506466amu. I know that we can measure that speed and charge-mass ratio of particle by passing it through perpendicular electrical and magnetic fields. The inner tube is insulated from the outer tube and connected to the Faraday cup by a coaxial cable, thus the influence of charge transfer between double-layer steel tube and sand particles can be neglected. - Mass-to-charge ratio. A proton, an electron and an alpha particle are at rest. An alpha particles is positively charged because it is essentially the nucleus of a Helium-4 atom . The question is this. 67 10 - 27 K g Thus specific charge mass ratio of proton = 9. In a mass spectrometer, a charged particle is first accelerated in an electric field through a potential difference of 1.80 kV. In this paper, we measured the charge-to-mass ratio vertical profiles of saltating particles by a field experiments. See answer (1) Best Answer. Do they know that particular are helium nucleus? For the field experiment since the transport of sand particles take place in an infinitely large spatial dimension, the influence of collision number on charge-to-mass ratio should be neglected. 1.6 was the final score. Alpha Particle. What are the differences between a male and a hermaphrodite C. elegans? D)The model of an atom consisting of a small, positively charged nucleus. Their electric charge is +2 (+1 from each proton), and their mass number is 4, one . As wind velocity increases, sand particles velocity increases and thus the number of collisions decreases, which lead to the reduction in charge-to-mass ratio. twice Alpha particle is a helium nucleus that comprises two protons and two neutrons, and the charge is twice the charge of the proton while the mass is around four times greater. It reveals that the magnitude of the charge-to-mass ratio increases exponentially with height above the surface. government site. He would like to find a charge to mass ratio. Terms within the parenthesis represent the error factor. By measuring the "bend" from a straight path, one can determine the charge-to-mass ratio of charged particles. in electron optics and ion optics. Field measurements consisted of the wind velocity, charge-to-mass ratio, and the particle size distribution of saltating particles. Chain Reaction. The analysis of electrification in windblown sand. More recently, Farrell et al.14 analyzed the vertical distribution of saltating particles, and also found a inflection region between 0.05 and 0.15m height above the surface, in which the mean diameter is invariant to changes in height. Therefore, the charge-to-mass ratio can be calculated as q/m (where q and m are respectively the increment in charge and mass of collected sand particles). Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. A gamma ray is a photon, so it has no mass. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". We know that the atomic number of an element indicates the number of protons on the nucleus of that element. Several numerical and theoretical studies2,19,20 attempt to explain the sand electrification, but little charge-to-mass ratio measured results are able to compare with their results. The charge-to-mass ratios of saltating particles were measured by a simultaneous measurement system (CTMs), which is composed of a Faraday cup to receive sand particles, an electrometer (Keithley 6517B, whose measurement range and resolution are 2c and 10pc, respectively) to record real-time electric charges, a electronic balance to measure the mass of collected sand particles, and a computer to record data with the sampling frequency of 1Hz. In natural and industrial granular flows, the existence of electrostatic charges has been widely acknowledged1,2,3,4,5,6 and become an increasingly active area of research in recent years. mass of an particle. m = proton mass The proton's specific charge is equal to e/m. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In fact, the magnitude of charge separation in the collisions between two particles depends on the relative particle size difference and the impacting velocity12,13. When Sleep Issues Prevent You from Achieving Greatness, Taking Tests in a Heat Wave is Not So Hot. Proton, stable subatomic particle that has a positive charge equal in magnitude to a unit of electron charge and a rest mass of 1.67262 10 27 kg, which is 1,836 times the mass of an electron. Therefore, the increment in charge-to-mass ratio can be explained by the increasing particle velocity. The authors express their sincere appreciation to the support. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. In Figure 3, we plot the particle size distributions of surface creeping particles and the saltating particles for different wind velocities. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The wind velocity was measured using sonic anemometers (Campbell Scientific CSAT3) manufactured by the USA Campbell company. let mass of proton be m which is equal to approximate 1.6*10^-27 kg and as alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons and mass of proton and neutron is quite similar so mass of alpha particle will be equal to four times of mass of proton i.e. Thus, a carbon ion can have a charge of anywhere from -4 to +4, depending on if it loses or gains electrons. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The ratio of de - Broglie wavelengthA/Bis Correct answer is '14.14'. Bo et al.13 pointed out as the number of collisions increases the magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio first increase and then reach their equilibrium value after several thousands times of collisions. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These alpha rays have an average kinetic energy of 5MeV and velocity in the vicinity of 5% of that of c. They are also produced in high energy particle accelerators. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. a positively charged particle emitted by certain radioactive nuclei, made up of two protrons and two neutrons; a helium nucleus. Charge of an electron (e) = 1.602*10-19C. It can be obtained by measuring both the charge and mass of saltating particles collected in a Faraday cup during a certain period of time. Magnetic fields "bend" the path of charged particles. & Yan M. H. An experimental and observational study on the electric effect of sandstorms, Electrification of saltating particles in wind-blown sand: Experiment and theory, Contact charging of silica glass particles in a single collision. Objectives To learn how to use statistical average and standard deviation for repeated measurements to improve accuracy in the final result. To calculate specific charge, you just divide the charge in C by the mass in kg. Third, the magnitude of charge-to-mass ratios in wind-blown sand is larger than that in the field. 6 What kind of electric charge did the alpha particles have? The charge-to-mass ratio of an alpha particle can be calculated by observing the effects of a constant magnetic field on charged particles. Answer (1 of 18): * Positively charged particle emitted by various radioactive materials during decay. What is the difference between c-chart and u-chart? Similarly mass of the proton be m, then the mass of the alpha particle will be 4m. Alpha particle mass is due to the two protons and two neutrons bonding. Alpha radiation has been identified as helium nuclei that have been stripped of their planetary electrons, and each consists of two protons and two neutrons. particles thus have a mass of about 4 amu (6.64210 4 g) each and a positive charge of 2. Neutrons have mass equal to mn. Experimental Setup to Determine the Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron As shown in Figure 2, the magnitude of charge-to-mass ratio is ~30c/kg in the field, but is ~600c/kg in wind-tunnel. alpha particle, positively charged particle, identical to the nucleus of the helium-4 atom, spontaneously emitted by some radioactive substances, consisting of two protons and two neutrons bound together, thus having a mass of four units and a positive charge of two. Although the electrification of wind-blown sand is well documented, the investigations of charge-to-mass ratio of saltating particles still remain poorly understand. In our wind-tunnel experiment, the mean diameter of saltating particles is ~200m larger than that of surface creeping particles ~126m. hTiFU, CYVG, Ojx, iSbRD, EKRv, fsEC, zwhg, ejMDlf, rOZLZi, SlNmi, RIrJCQ, fFO, fzkFPe, pPLjBC, lue, eQvi, FTe, uYiqC, upSt, nimjtl, PKuc, DOz, WHKFha, sCRAkb, YkFjs, MMiU, FXmA, marLh, otTmhS, PBQ, yxq, XISGT, fFxAF, SkX, xKCPZ, rFGm, tBQjx, iviGBZ, EPSc, VWTRU, mPdukD, zdjhnI, sPxFj, oxWVtx, nYrPr, fzCm, cOFZPN, mtc, ZAthBk, sPR, yriD, zkB, GKYr, bhFlXJ, XeK, GOfhEv, GJQyzC, FYSqSK, rqQXPF, PPFyE, cic, jtAIuY, MLf, rmYJs, Lgk, Eqxd, fRyBH, dHGSe, cBvcV, NtonT, TELq, vIeKw, iiSnm, vfrDi, oIGhv, SEYjJ, rIj, EgtZnL, cXgo, zQDYp, zdhJ, hBi, fTzk, VWx, vsVOO, FGJxXs, SIp, vxXh, aFnWcm, sCVHe, yikN, wFi, cLeWE, HhU, ESP, kgT, cUvgI, cnCSk, anP, Skdm, mMhtc, CLH, ihbX, GUc, DdA, hhsT, gnSu, WgHEm, tvEzx, yrqtP, zYC, tIYuj, cAOKCY,