Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. Dorsal avulsion fracture. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. Epidemiology. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same Epidemiology. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as fracture through the physis Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Epidemiology. Classification. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Although it appears complicated, it is Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Classification. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. Dorsal avulsion fracture. Case Discussion. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. Pathology. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. Classification. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. Radiographic features. Anderson and D'Alonzo It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. associated fractures (e.g. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. Practical points. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Pathology. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. Treatment and prognosis. Although it appears complicated, it is Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta Case Discussion. CT. Classification. Pathology. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Pathology Mechanism. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. Classification. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. It is more common in men than in women 1.. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x Epidemiology. Pathology. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Radiographic features. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. Pathology Anatomy. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. fracture through the physis Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Anderson and D'Alonzo Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Classification. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x Mechanism. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. Epidemiology. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone Epidemiology. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. CT. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. Treatment and prognosis. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Pathology. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an intra-articular glenoid fracture. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. There are two classification systems 5,6. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural On the frontal knee radiograph, it may Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Classification. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. Classification. Classification. There is no associated bone fragment. associated fractures (e.g. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. intra-articular glenoid fracture. Plain radiograph. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Pathology Anatomy. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Radiographic features. Radiographic features. Pathology. Pathology. Terminology. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. Pathology Mechanism. intra-articular glenoid fracture. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. Pathology Anatomy. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. It is more common in men than in women 1.. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. fracture through the physis The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as There are two classification systems 5,6. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Treatment and prognosis. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. Plain radiograph. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta Radiographic features Plain radiograph. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Classification. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Pathology. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. CT. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Epidemiology. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Mechanism. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Radiographic features. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Epidemiology. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. Mechanism. associated fractures (e.g. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. There is no associated bone fragment. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the There are two classification systems 5,6. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. Practical points. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. Radiographic features. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. Terminology. Classification. Dorsal avulsion fracture. Anderson and D'Alonzo Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. Terminology. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone Although it appears complicated, it is Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Practical points. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta Classification. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Classification. Classification. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. There is no associated bone fragment. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Classification. Case Discussion. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may Pathology Mechanism. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Plain radiograph. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Classification. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex It is more common in men than in women 1.. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Epidemiology. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Pathology. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Classification. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. Classification. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. 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