His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. [20], In the fourteenth century, the period of relative tolerance towards the Jews ended, passing into a phase of increasing conflict. [16] Some Muslim kings had Christian-born wives or mothers. Spanish hold on far-flung territory that was eight times the size of Castile and held one-fifth of the world's population. [citation needed] Others, such as historians Bernard Lewis, Daro Fernndez-Morera, and Mark R. Cohen, have suggested the supposed harmony between Jews and Muslims in Spain was an exaggeration that proliferated in the 19th century.[14][15][16]. This soft and sumptuous acrylic, cotton, wool blend yarn makes it ideal for any garment, accessory and home decor. The Song of Roland, a highly romanticized account of this battle, would later become one of the most famous chansons de geste of the Middle Ages. More than 514,000 (30%) of them had Spanish nationality. [citation needed] In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. The Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes is a Franciscan monastery, built 14771504, in a remarkable combination of Gothic-Spanish-Flemish style with Mudjar ornamentation. [49] Over the centuries, the Ottoman Empire gradually lost almost all of its European territories, until its collapse in 1922, when the former empire was transformed into the nation of Turkey. He adopted the title Imperator totius Hispaniae ("Emperor of all Hispania", referring to all the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, and not just the modern country of Spain). Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. The revised Book of Common Prayer also ordered the destruction of stone altars associated with the Catholic Mass (worship service in which communion is taken). King Cole's Drifter range is a soft mix of cotton and acrylic, with a little wool thrown in for warmth and wearability. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. [citation needed], The presura referred to a group of peasants who crossed the mountains and settled in the abandoned lands of the Douro Basin. For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). 43.61% (male 11,134,006/female 10,675,873) Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. He conquered Coimbra and attacked the taifa kingdoms, often demanding the tributes known as parias. Ranges including Tinsel Chunky, Drifter, Riot and many many more with Unavailable. There are also a significant number of British (359,076 as of 2011, but more than one million are estimated to live permanently in Spain) and German (195,842) citizens, mainly in Alicante, Mlaga provinces, Balearic Islands and Canary Islands. Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). In the late 10th century, the Umayyadvizier Almanzor waged military campaigns for 30 years to subjugate the northern Christian kingdoms. The Christian counter-offensive known as the Reconquista began in the early 8th century, when Muslim forces managed to temporarily push into southern France. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. The Catalans also had the right to raise their own army to defend themselves, as well as the right to refuse to quarter foreign troops, including Castilian, on their own soil. [50], The Peninsular War affected the city in a very negative way. A refurbished town hall "Javier Lozano Cid", with capacity for around 1,500 spectators, is its new headquarters. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. Wraps per inch Meterage 328 yards (300 meters) Unit weight. US 6 - 4.0 mm. Due to the secular nature of the Spanish constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.. Islam was a major religion on the Iberian Peninsula, beginning with the Umayyad The Expulsion of the Moriscos (Spanish: Expulsin de los moriscos) was decreed by King Philip III of Spain on April 9, 1609. yarns > King Cole > Drifter Chunky. The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. In the Revolt of the Netherlands, Protestants in the Low Countries fought to throw off Spanish rule and Catholic persecution. [12][13], A discernible irredentist ideology that would later become part of the concept of "Reconquista", of a Christian reconquest of the peninsula, appeared in writings by the end of the 9th century. [16] Mercenaries were an important factor, as many kings did not have enough soldiers available. [99] Although the vast majority of conversos simply assimilated into the Catholic dominant culture, a minority continued to practice Judaism in secret, gradually migrating throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Ottoman Empire, mainly to areas where Sephardic communities were already present as a result of the Alhambra Decree. gdpr. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. "[61], A few months before, an auto da fe[clarification needed] was held in Avila in which three converts and two Jews condemned by the Inquisition were burnt alive for an alleged ritual crime against a Christian child (who will be known as the [Child of the Guard]) contributed to create the propitious environment for the expulsion. Denis believed that the Order's assets should by their nature stay in any given Order instead of being taken by the King, largely for the Templars' contribution to the Reconquista and the reconstruction of Portugal after the wars. Introducing Drifter Aran, filling out King Cole's fantastic Drifter range with a much anticipated medium weight yarn. The earliest, directed against Priscillian, assembled in 400. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. The last Muslim king, Muhammad XII of Granada (Spanish: Boabdil), withdrew to Alpujarras, as almost 800 years of Muslim rule were ended by the Reconquista. The majority of Albanian Muslims are secular Sunns with a significant Bektashi Sha minority. Vespucci's voyage made it clear that a westerly sea route to Asia had not been found. 720. 1988. [citation needed], Although relatively weak until the early 11th century, Pamplona took a more active role after the accession of Sancho the Great (10041035). 3738, sfn error: no target: CITEREFUllidtz2010 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBradbury2004 (. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. In 1620 Frederick lost the throne of Bohemia (he was nicknamed the "Winter King" because he ruled for only one winter) and was stripped of all his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. [8] At approximately this time, a Roman circus, city walls, public baths, and a municipal water supply and storage system were constructed in Toletum. By contrast, Poland was projected to remain below 1%. The group called the Gallicans supported the king, and the group called the Ultramontanes (meaning "over the mountains") cast their allegiance with the pope. Regional lords saw the Umayyad emir at the gates and decided to enlist the nearby Christian Franks. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. [112], According to Pew Research Center in 2018, most Europeans favour restrictions on face-covering veils. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. Henry declined to join the French effort. Edward was returned to the throne. Drifter DK. The Granada War (Spanish: Guerra de Granada) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1491 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada.It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending the last remnant of Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula. WebThe Emirate of Granada was the last Muslim Kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, which surrendered in 1492 to the Catholic forces after a decade-long campaign.Granada was annexed to Castile as the Kingdom of Granada, and had a majority Muslim population of between 250,000 and 300,000. Henry and Anne Boleyn had been secretly married in January, and their daughter Elizabeth was born the following September. 4188 Kilimanjaro. (Edinburgh 1972). Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. They were permitted to practice their Muslim faith under a policy called taqiyya (pronounced tah-KEE-yah). Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. The aged Jimnez de Cisneros, who was now archbishop of Toledo, acted as regent of Castile until Charles arrived in Spain. [52] Being a city quite impervious to external influence at the time, Bourgeoisie exerted a limited influence. James also signed the Treaty of Corbeil (1258), in which the French king renounced to any feudal claim over Catalonia. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). For example, Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, whose rule is considered to have marked the peak of power for Moorish Al-Andalus Hispania, married Abda, daughter of Sancho Garcs II of Navarra, who bore him a son, named Abd al-Rahman and commonly known in a pejorative sense as Sanchuelo (Little Sancho; in Arabic: Shanjoul). Crafts and trade were not monopolizedinternational trade had passed into the hands of converts. In America, Spanish conquistadors had established courts of law in eight colonies, as well as three universities. In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. During the Lancastrian War religious mystic Joan of Arc led French forces in victories against the English (see "France" section previously in this chapter). and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. [31][32] (See Latin translations of the 12th century and Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe for more information). [43], This is how the "converso problem" was born. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious for the sixth time. No populations were expelled based on their religion by either the Muslim or Hindu kings, nor were attempts made to annihilate a specific religion. "The truth was that the state could do without the Jews, both in the bureaucratic apparatus and in the management of the estate. A great yarn for all the family knits. scholars. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. Cohen, Mark R. (October 1995). Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. [70] Ramiro II's death caused the war of the Leonese succession (951956) between his sons, and the winner Ordoo III of Len concluded peace with caliph Abd al-Rahman III of Crdoba. Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. WebThe Muslim population in Europe is extremely diverse with varied histories and origins. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. [120] In 2016, French authorities stated that 15000 of the 20000 individuals on the list of security threats belong to Islamist movements. 4.7 out of 5 stars 785. At this time, there was no punishment for practicing crypto-Judaism, not out of tolerance for Jews, but for legalistic reasons. By 1236, practically all that remained of Muslim Spain was the southern province of Granada from 1238 as a vassal state of the Christian Kingdom of Castile, until the completion of La Reconquista in 1492. Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations. (November 29, 2022). There is also local media in television, radio, and Internet. In fact, in the writings of both sides, there was a sense of divide based on ethnicity and culture between the inhabitants of the small Christian kingdoms in the north and the dominant elite in the Muslim-ruled south. Do not iron. King Cole Merino Magnum Chunky wool mix knitting yarn Blend 25 Wool 75 Premium Acrylic Ball weight 100g Approximate length per 100g ball 110 metres - King Cole Drifter ChunkyDrifter Chunky is a super Soft blend of Cotton, Wool & Acrylic, available in 10 variegated subtle shades that knit up to produce a fabulous striped and Fair Isle effect.69% Acrylic, 25% Cotton, 6% Wool14sts = 4" / 10cm on 6.0mm / US 10 needles5: Bulky170yds / 156m per 100g / 3.5oz Add to Cart Drifter Aran joins our beautiful Drifter range in the much anticipated new weight. Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. The Jews of Amsterdam printed a newspaper showing the interest of the Jewish community in what was happening at that time in Madrid, and it presents the news in Spanish after 180 years of being expelled from their ancestral soil (1492). Andalusia (UK: / n d l u s i ,-z i /, US: /- (i) ,- (i) /; Spanish: Andaluca [andalui.a]) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain.It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. Available in a range of earthy colour mixes, inspired by landscapes from across the world. At this point, the A-42 connects with the Highway of the Vineyard that reaches Tomelloso. They also form centuries-old minority groups in other post-Ottoman nation states within the Balkans (i.e. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. The first fuero was given by count Fernn Gonzlez to the inhabitants of Castrojeriz in the 940's. [61] Alfonso successfully reincorporated the Principality of Tarragona into their realm, expelling the Norman d'Aguil family. 1492; the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. First negative natural change since the Civil War due to the, This page was last edited on 4 December 2022, at 22:17. In 711, many parts of the Iberian Peninsula became under the control of the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate.They called the land Al For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. Favila, according to the chronicles, was killed by a bear during a trial of courage. Formally, a string is a finite, ordered sequence of characters such as letters, digits or spaces. King Cole Drifter Aran. The Spanish capture of Tripoli cost them some 300 men, while the inhabitants suffered between 3,000 and 5,000 killed and another 5,0006,000 carried off as slaves. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Some Jews managed to escape; others, terrified, asked to be baptized. Plied. By 1492 some 100,000 had died or been enslaved, 200,000 had emigrated, and 200,000 remained in Castile. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). [citation needed]. Part of the route of this road will be replaced by that of the aforementioned Highway of Castilla La Mancha. Filter by Colour. Islam gained its first genuine foothold in continental Europe from 711 onward, with the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. At the beginning of the Tudor era the religious houses owned as much as one-fourth of all land in England. Toledo (UK: / t l e d o / tol-AY-doh, Spanish: ()) is a city and municipality of Spain, capital of the province of Toledo and the de jure seat of the government and parliament of the autonomous community of CastillaLa Mancha.Toledo was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 for its extensive monumental and cultural heritage.. King Cole Big Value Baby Chunky . [a] In the first four countries also Moroccan immigrants were interviewed. In late 1520, Francis secretly backed an assault on Luxembourg Prez adds, "The University of Paris congratulated Spain for having carried out an act of good governance, an opinion shared by the best minds of the time (Machiavelli, Guicciardini, Pico della Mirandola) [] it was the so-called medieval coexistence that was strange to Christian Europe. King Cole's Drifter range is a soft mix of cotton and acrylic, with a little wool thrown in for warmth and wearability. The Renaissance spirit reached England in the fifteenth century, after the Hundred Years' War, a conflict with France over the control of the French throne. The authors of the study add that these countries, except Poland, had in the preceding years suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the centre of a refugee crisis. In addition, the mendicant orders intensified their campaign of proselytism to make Jews convert to Christianity. Una fiesta religiosa y profana en los siglos XVI y XVII", "Toledo avanza en la lite mundial de la investigacin con parapljicos", "El C.D. As the historian Luis Surez pointed out, the Jews had "four months to take the most terrible decision of their lives: to abandon their faith to be integrated in it [in the kingdom, in the political and civil community], or leave the territory in order to preserve it. Ikko Oh10 Vs Fiio Fh5, A chronicler of the time attests:[71]. Unlike in medieval times, in this type of state there are no groups that are governed by particular rules, as was the case for the Jewish community. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. [70], In the decade to 2008, unemployment in absolute terms remained fairly stable in the city of Toledo, but in 2009 this figure increased significantly: nearly 62% compared to 2008, with the number of unemployed rising from 2,515 to 4,074 (figures at 31 March each year), according to the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha. [44], When Isabel I of Castile ascended to the throne in 1474, she was already married to the heir to the Crown of Aragon, the future Ferdinand II of Aragon. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between these two countries moved the line farther west, to 370 leagues (about 988 miles, or 1,590 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands. [citation needed], According to other statistics from the same source, almost half the unemployed in the city of Toledo (1,970 persons) are among those whose education does not go beyond the compulsory secondary level. [citation needed], After regaining control over the dissident governors, Abd-ar-Rahman III tried to conquer the remaining Christian kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula, attacking them several times and forcing them back beyond the Cantabrian Mountains. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. Islander population (The surface of the islands will be given in hectares except for the largest islands of the Canary and Balearic archipelagos, as well as the Plazas de Soberana. For the next four years, however, the Lutheran movement gained momentum, especially in Germany and the Netherlands. Unavailable per item Drifter Aran is part of our beautiful Drifter range in an Aran weight. In 711, North African Berber soldiers with some Arabs commanded by Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, engaging a Visigothic force led by King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete (July 1926) in a moment of serious in-fighting and division across the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania. [citation needed], Early in his reign, James attempted to reunite the Aragonese and Navarrese crowns through a treaty with the childless Sancho VII of Navarre. As a result of the massacres of 1391 and the measures that followed, by 1415 more than half of the Jews of the crowns of Castile and Aragon had renounced Mosaic law and had been baptized, including many rabbis and important members of the community. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Located on Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. Most of the expelled Jews settled in North Africa, sometimes via Portugal, or in nearby states, such as the Kingdom of Portugal, the Kingdom of Navarre, or in the Italian states. 1 product go reset. For example, the magnetic compass and other advances made it possible for navigators, who had previously been forced to rely on the Sun and the stars, to travel in bad weather and poor climates. [3] With the exception of the capital Madrid, the most densely populated areas lie around the coast. By the late 1640s, the Catalans had tired of French rule, and Haro offered to restore Catalan privileges. [4][5] The resulting expulsion led to mass migration of Jews from Spain to Italy, Greece, Turkey and the Mediterranean Basin. In fact, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. As a result, the town council was dependent on the monarch alone and, in turn, was required to provide auxilium aid or troops for their monarch. [citation needed], After his father's death, Sanchuelo/Abd al-Rahman, as a son of a Christian princess, was a strong contender to take over the ultimate power in Muslim al-Andalus. King Cole 5483 King Cole Aran Patterns Book 1. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. Islam is the second-largest religion in Europe after Christianity. In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. [19] However, modern scholarship has challenged this concept of a "reconquista" as a national myth tied to Spanish nationalism. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. [citation needed], A serious weakness amongst the Muslim conquerors was the ethnic tension between Berbers and Arabs. [3], The beginning of the Reconquista is traditionally marked with the Battle of Covadonga (718 or 722), the first known victory by Christian military forces in Hispania since the 711 military invasion which was undertaken by combined Arab-Berber forces. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers [40] This latent internal conflict jeopardized Umayyad unity. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. WebThe Granada War (Spanish: Guerra de Granada) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1491 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada.It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending the last remnant of Islamic rule In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. [10], Toledo started to gain importance in late antiquity. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. [citation needed], Besides these facilities, the city of Toledo has covered sports pavilions in the districts of Santa Mara de Benquerencia, Santa Brbara, San Antn (Complejo Deportivo "Leaping Horse"), outdoor pools in sugar, Palomarejos, Santa Mara de Benquerencia, Santa Barbara, Santa Teresa and indoor swimming pools in the gardens of the Alcazar (old town), Santa Mara de Benquerencia and San Antonio. Sights include: To mark the fourth centenary of the publication of the first part of Don Quixote, the Council of Communities of CastileLa Mancha designed a series of routes through the region crossing the various points cited in the novel. Charles then turned toward Italy, landed in Sicily in August, and advanced with ease toward the Alps. the emperor's wishes. "[18] In Christian kingdoms, according to Henry Kamen, both Jews and Muslims were treated "with contempt"[5] and the three communities "lived separate existences. [53], Following the exclusion of Toledo from the railway to the Portuguese border in the 1850s, a project of railway connection from Castillejo to Toledo lobbied by the Marquis of Salamanca was passed in June 1856. During the Spanish civil war irreligious people were repressed by the Francoist side, while religion was 2.75. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation. Because the Umayyad rulers based in Crdoba were unable to extend their power over the Pyrenees, they decided to consolidate their power within the Iberian peninsula. Alfonso V finally regained control over his domains in 1002. [3] The municipality has an area of 232.1km2 (89.6sqmi). [88] A thesis of the latter that the monarchs decided on the expulsion to ingratiate themselves with the masses in which anti-Jewish sentiments predominated Joseph Prez considers to be without foundation: "Why should the monarchs have had to worry about what the masses felt about Jews and converts when they did not [even] attend to the more concrete interests of those masses? Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. [citation needed] In 1961, the West German Government invited first Gastarbeiters and similar contracts were offered by Switzerland; some of these migrant workers came from majority-Muslim countries such as Turkey. There were no deaths, but the synagogues were burned down. Spain is a Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority religion, practised mostly by the immigrants and their descendants from Muslim majority countries. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases. The Toledo School of Translators, that had commenced under Archbishop Raymond of Toledo, continued to bring vast stores of knowledge to Europe by rendering great academic and philosophical works in Arabic into Latin. Eurabia is a political neologism, a portmanteau of Europe and Arabia, used to describe a far-right, anti-Muslim conspiracy theory, involving globalist entities allegedly led by French and Arab powers, to Islamise and Arabise Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining a previous alignment with the United States and Israel.. Serfs started escaping to urban areas in search of work. But Essex botched the job miserably. He also points out that when a convert was accused of Judaizing, in many cases the "proofs" that were brought were, in fact, cultural elements of his Jewish ancestry such as treating Saturday, not Sunday, as the day of rest or the lack of knowledge of the new faith, such as not knowing the creed or eating meat during Lent. In 711, many parts of the Iberian Peninsula became under the control of the Muslim Umayyad Caliphate.They called the land Al One of the largest empires in history, it was, in conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, the first to to France. In the face of this onslaught combined with pressure from the Pope, Alfonso IX was finally forced to sue for peace in October 1197. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. He set up a line of fortified outposts from the Persian Gulf all the way to the Malaccan Strait, the most And it also bolstered the idea that the presence of the Jews among the Christians is what invites the converts to continue practicing the Law of Moses. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). Gama responded by seizing a number of traders and fishermen from the harbor, killing them, and sending a boat filled with their body parts back to the Samuri. in 1072. ", "Casado, tras apelar Vox a la Reconquista: El PP ha empezado la reconquista por Andaluca y la acabar en Asturias", "Vox designa a Toledo como el punto donde comenzar la 'reconquista' del centro de Espaa", "Casado promete una 'reconquista' para que 'caiga el engao independentista', "ALFONSO II, CHARLEMAGNE AND THE JACOBEAN CULT (full text in Spanish)", "Revisiting the Anglo-Norman Crusaders' Failed Attempt to Conquer Lisbon, "Today in European history: the "Reconquista" ends (1492)", "Modern Jewish History: The Spanish Expulsion (1492)", Censorship and Book Production in Spain During the Age of the Incunabula, Cervantes: Bulletin of the Cervantes Society of America, "Weaponizing Historical Knowledge: the Notion of Reconquista in Spanish Nationalism", "There was no Reconquest. By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. Contains: 30% Wool 70% Premium Acrylic . "What was intended then was to fully assimilate Judaizers and Jews so that there were only Christians. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. Losi Baja Rey Center Diff Locker, In the Crown of Castile, anti-Jewish violence was closely related to the civil war during the reign of Pedro I. The tide changed, however, when Philip formed an alliance with the French. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. Instead, it was a series of conflicts mixed with periods of peace that began in 1337 and ended in 1453. [56], Turkish people form the largest ethnic group in European part of Turkey (as well as the Republic of Turkey as a whole) and Northern Cyprus. Traditional historiography has hailed Pelagius' victory at Covadonga as the beginning of the Reconquista. Third edition. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. It is the world's second-largest religion behind Christianity, with This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). Yarn for every budget and taste to choose from. WebThe Reconquista (Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is a historiographical construction describing the 781-year period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492, in which the Christian kingdoms expanded through war and conquered al-Andalus; Address: 20 First Street, Low Moor, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom, BD12 0QJ Phone: 07809864878 Working Days/Hours: Mon Fri / 9:00 AM 6:00 PM King Cole Drifter Aran is a self striping yarn creating a soft subtle fair isle effect. The Spanish that they transported, that of Castile and Andalusia from the end of the 15th century, removed from all contact with that of the Peninsula, has not participated in the evolution undergone by that of Spain and Spanish colonial America. A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. They took control of the north and laid an unsuccessful siege on Toledo. [84], Current historians prefer to place expulsion in the European context, and those such as Luis Surez Fernndez or Julio Valden highlight that the Catholic Monarchs were, in fact, the last of the sovereigns of the great western European states to decree expulsionthe Kingdom of England did it in 1290, the Kingdom of France in 1394; in 1421 the Jews were expelled from Vienna; in 1424 from Linz and of Colonia; in 1439 from Augsburg; in 1442 from Bavaria; in 1485 from Perugia; in 1486 from Vicenza; in 1488 from Parma; in 1489 from Milan and Luca; in 1493 from Sicily; in 1494 from Florence; in 1498 from Provence-. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. All Cheap Shop Dressmaking & Craft Fabrics. Toledo (UK: /tledo/ tol-AY-doh,[2] Spanish:[toleo] (listen)) is a city and municipality of Spain, capital of the province of Toledo and the de jure seat of the government and parliament of the autonomous community of CastillaLa Mancha. King Charles V imposed the same religious requirement on Moors in the Kingdom of Aragon in 1526, forcing its Muslim population to convert during the Revolt of the Germanies. The population has more than doubled in the past 50 years in the Dominican Republic, going from 4.5 million in 1970, to the 2019 population just under 11 million. 22.0 sts = 4 inches Needle size. In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. [59] According to sociologist Araks Pashayan 10 million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium in 2012. The regulation of the faith of newly converted Catholics was intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1502 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave Castile, resulting in hundreds of thousands of forced conversions, the persecution of conversos and moriscos, and the mass expulsions of Jews and of Muslims from Spain. 4.25 These yarns are perfect for jumpers, baby blankets, scarves and many more designs. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. Drifter Aran . To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). [60] Leading rebel general (and soon-to-be "caudillo") Francisco Franco and his Army of Africa took a detour from their advance towards Madrid (that gave time to the Republicans to build up the defenses in Madrid and receive early foreign support) and lifted the siege of the alczar in late September 1936. ." [97] Another approximately 50,000 Jews received a Christian baptism so as to remain in Spain; many secretly kept some of their Jewish traditions and thus became the target of the Inquisition. Needle size. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. At the same time religious reformers, first in Germany and then in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, were leading a movement against the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. Muslim conquest (711716) Al-Andalus (7111492) Reconquista (7111492) Christian kingdoms (7181479) Early modern period. In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). The Palacio de Galiana, built in the Mudjar style, is one of the monuments that remain from that period. Drifter Aran 4180 Alps 4.75. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. While Charles clearly eclipsed his two great rivals, his struggles with Francis over Italy dominated European politics for most of the sixteenth century. By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. For example, on September 6, 1477, in a letter addressed to the Jewish community of Seville, Queen Isabel I gave assurances about their safety:[49]. WebThe regulation of the faith of newly converted Catholics was intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1502 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert to Catholicism or leave Castile, resulting in hundreds of thousands of forced conversions, the persecution of conversos and moriscos, and the mass expulsions of Jews and of Muslims from Spain. in 1072. In 1502, Queen Isabella I declared that conversion to Catholicism was compulsory within the Kingdom of Castile. It controlled the other counties' policies in a union, which led in 948 to the independence of Barcelona under Count Borrel II, who declared that the new dynasty in France (the Capets) were not the legitimate rulers of France nor, as a result, of his county. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. This development was disastrous for the Jews, who once again had to deal with discrimination under the Christians. These coins, called dinars, the name given by the Arabs to all of the Iberian territories under Muslim rule from 711 to 1492. 12, No. However, in the court of Castilebut not in the crown of AragonJews held important administrative and financial positions. In 1512 he invaded the kingdom of Navarre and incorporated it into Aragon. Parr and Anne of Cleves outlived Henry, who died in 1547. [34][35] According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th centuries, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves. They came out of the lands of their birth, big and small children, old and young, on foot and men on asses and other beasts, and on wagons, and continued their journeys each to the ports where they were to go; and went by the roads and fields where they went with many works and fortunes; some falling, others rising, others dying, others being born, others becoming sick, that there was no Christian that did not feel their pain, and always invited them to baptism, and some, with grief, converted and remained, but very few, and the rabbis worked them up and made the women and young men sing and play tambourines. At Mhlberg, Germany, however, Charles won his greatest victory over Francis and the Lutheran princes. A terrified Pope Clementone of Francis's allieslocked himself in a tower, but he was soon placed under arrest by the Spanish. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. [51], The text approved by the Cortes, which also applied to the Muslims of the region, read as follows:[52]. [2] Although the majority of Muslim communities in Western Europe formed recently,[3] there are centuries-old Muslim societies in the Balkans, Caucasus, Crimea, and Volga region. Almanzor waged several campaigns attacking and sacking Burgos, Leon, Pamplona, Barcelona, and Santiago de Compostela before his death in 1002. projects (47) comments. King Cole Drifter Aran. Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. Fechar. King Cole Popular yarns. In Seville before the revolts of 1391, there were about 500 Jewish families. The Aragonese version also alludes to usury. He and all his relatives were baptized on June 15, 1492 in the Guadalupe monastery, with the monarchs Isabel and Ferdinand as their godparents. Islam (/ s l m /; Arabic: , al-Islm (), transl. Increasingly, a nation's power and prestige had become dependent upon money and material wealth, and the best way to become a world power was to build a trade empire. Many demographers have linked Spain's very low fertility rate to the country's lack of a family support policy. WebGranada (Spanish: [anaa], locally ) is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.Granada is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of four rivers, the Darro, the Genil, the Monachil and the Beiro. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. In North Africa, those who went to the Fez kingdom suffered all kinds of ill-treatment and were plundered, even by the Jews who had lived there for a long time. Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. His dynasty consolidated the presence of Islam in Al-Andalus (as Spain was known to Muslims). [citation needed], The native Canarians are partly the descendants of the North African population of the Canary Islands prior to Spanish colonization in the 15th century although many Spaniards have varying levels of North African admixture as a result of the Islamic period. "[59], On March 31, 1492, shortly after the end of the Granada War, the Catholic Monarchs signed the decree of expulsion of the Jews in Granada, which was sent to all the cities, towns and lordships of their kingdoms with strict orders to not read it or make it public until May 1. The Empire laid siege to Vienna in 1683. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. Although the English maintained control of Calais until 1558, they were never again a serious threat to French sovereignty, or independent rule. He also knew that Joanna experienced bouts of emotional instability and might not have control over Philip. [66], In 1497 Spanish forces took Melilla, west of Oran, and the island of Djerba, south of Tunis, and went on to more important gains, with the bloody seizure of Oran in 1509, and the capture of Bougie and Tripoli in 1510. The fueros provided a means of escape from the feudal system, as fueros were only granted by the monarch. Free postage. A unique blend of cotton, wool and acrylic, this yarn knits up to create a wonderfully striped, fair isle effect with a soft handle and drape. Machine wash? He recalled Alba and replaced him with Luis de Requesens (pronounced ray-kay-SAINS; King Cole. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. In spite of the spectacular defeat of the Spanish Armada, which established English dominance of the seas, Elizabeth encountered problems in the final years of her reign. Their actions halted the southward expansion of the Christian kingdoms. "[90] "The idea of expelling the Jews comes from the Inquisition; there is no doubt about this. Almost 8,000 Muslims were killed by Bosnian Serbs at Srebrenica in 1995 - Europe's As a result, many Jews fled from the region. Yarn Brand > King Cole > Drifter Aran by King Cole Color: 4189 Everest - $9.50 4188 Kilimanjaro - $9.50 Andes - $9.50 4182 Blue Ridge - $9.50 4180 Alps - $9.50 4184 Pyrenees - $9.50 4191 Atlas - Yarn Weight: To be the cheapest online. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. A survey conducted by Pew Research Center in 2016 found that Muslims make up 4.9% of all Europe's population. The taifas were small kingdoms, established by the city governors. Beautiful soft aran yarn suitable for many makes. The modern Arab population of Spain numbers 1,800,000, and there have been Arabs in Spain since the early 8th century when the Umayyad conquest of Hispania created the state of Al-Andalus. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. Philip's grandson, Louis IX (12141270; ruled 122670), had a long reign. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. Habsburg Spain is a contemporary historiographical term referring to the huge extent of territories (including modern-day Spain, a piece of south-east France, eventually Portugal, and many other lands outside of the Iberian Peninsula) ruled between the 16th and 18th centuries (15161713) by kings from the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg (also associated with Statutes (laws) passed by the Reformation Parliament in 1533 and 1534 named the king Supreme Head of the Church and cut all ties with the papacy. Late 19th century and early 20th century: Relative economic stagnation and mass emigration to American countries. Approval of 2,500 benefit for births. [citation needed], Cavalry tactics in Hispania involved knights approaching the enemy, throwing javelins, then withdrawing to a safe distance before commencing another assault. Other councils forbade circumcision, Jewish rites and observance of the Sabbath and festivals. The conflict ended in 1571, when Philip's illegitimate half-brother, John of Austria (15451578), led a Catholic armada against the Turks in the great naval battle of Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth) in the Ionian Sea off the coast of Greece. Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). Joo Paulo de Oliveira e Costa, Vtor Lus Gaspar Rodrigues (2012), Learn how and when to remove this template message, forced the conversions of Muslims in Spain, Spain in the Middle Ages Medieval Christian Spain, Portugal in the Middle Ages Reconquista in Portugal, Muslim's navigation techniques and sciences, paid military service of the Islamic kings of Zaragoza for years, Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal, "8: Morisco Stories and the Complexities of Resistance and Assimilation", La Reconquista: gnesis de un mito historiogrfico, "Al-Andalus en la historiografa del nacionalismo espaolista (siglos xixxxi). The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. [40][41], A study made by the Union of Islamic Communities of Spain demonstrated that there were about 1,700,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain as of 2012[update], accounting for 34% of the total population of Spain. [62], In the following centuries, the Crown of Aragon conquered a number of territories in the Iberian peninsula and the Mediterranean, including the kingdom of Valencia and the kingdom of Mallorca. Francis corresponded with the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus and sponsored a royal lecture series that supported promising scholars. [citation needed] This club based in the Santa Mara de Benquerencia district and has one of the largest youth systems of Castilla-La Mancha. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). The document preserved and exhibited in Beth Hatefutsoth, Nahum Goldmann Museum and House of the Diasporas, University of Tel Aviv, State of Israel. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). It is difficult to be certain of the number of victims. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. Soon the stability of England was threatened by complex internal conflicts over the question of who should be king. By the time Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878, the Habsburgs had shed the desire to re-Christianize new provinces. By this time the Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, was sweeping Europe. Precipitation is low and mainly concentrated in the period mid autumn through to mid spring. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). Elizabeth was highly educated. "[67], The drama that the Jews lived is documented by a contemporary source:[68]. 4.99 Free UK delivery when you spend over 30 on our website. Winters are cool while summers are hot and dry. "[83] Among other arguments, one of those advanced by scholars is that "no military campaign lasts eight centuries. To all their aljamas and communities much preaching was done, in all the synagogues and in the squares and in the churches and in the fields, by the wise men of Spain; and the holy gospel and the doctrine of the Holy Mother Church was preached to them, and it was preached and proven by their own Scriptures, how the Messiah they awaited was Our Redeemer and Savior Jesus Christ, who came at the suitable time, who their ancestors ignored with malice, and all the others who came after them never wanted to hear the truth; before, deceived by the false book of the Talmud, having the truth before their eyes and reading it in their law every day, they ignored and disregarded it. Hardening his[clarification needed] preaching against the Jews that had begun in 1378, he ordered the overthrow of synagogues and seizure of prayer books. Colombian population amounted to around 300,000. Lowering of threshold of requirements to become a large family, only three children needed. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. On January 2, 1492, the Catholic Monarchs conquered the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. Spain's fertility rate of 1.47 (the number of children the average woman will have during her lifetime) has climbed every year since the late 1990s. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. In the fifteenth century, the uncharted ocean was an unknown frontier that held as much mystery for seafarers as space holds for the world today. The Jewish communities of Pamplona and Estella-Lizarra were massacred. [33][34] One of the first Spanish intellectuals to question the idea of a "reconquest" that lasted for eight centuries was Jos Ortega y Gasset, writing in the first half of the 20th century. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. But Judaizers, according to Joseph Perez, were a minority, although relatively important. This led to very feudalised areas, such as Leon and Portugal, whereas Castile, an arid land with vast plains and harsh climate, only attracted peasants with no hope in Biscay. Later in 857, the Toledans attacked Talavera but were again defeated. The decision to seek a water route resulted in one of the most explosive and significant eras in the history of the world. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). everest andes atlas. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. The pope also entered into the famous Concordat of Bologna with Francis the following year, 1516. [123] European Muslims have also been criticized for new antisemitism.[124]. Nota: Ao utilizar este site, aceita a nossa utilizao de cookies. King Cole Drifter Aran - Various Colours. During the first years, in this city alone, they pronounced 700 death sentences and more than 5,000 "reconciliations" that is, prison sentences, exile or simple penances accompanied by confiscation of their property and disqualification for public office and ecclesiastical benefits. Toledo forged an alliance with King Ordoo I of Asturias. They were also able to recover all their goods for the same price at which they had sold them. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. The Jews therefore welcomed the invading Moors in 711. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. In the 720s and 730s Muslim forces fought and raided north of the Pyrenees, well into what is now France, reaching as north as Tours where they were eventually repelled by the Franks in 732 to their Iberian and North African territories. [44] Charles granted the city a coat of arms. The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from the Maghreb (especially Morocco) and other African/Arab countries. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. Yuc Abravanel was "A greater collector of the service and mountaineering of the herds, one of the more healthy income and greater yield of the Crown of Castile. He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. XnH, Hjeh, iqNwbp, CpqV, PbPX, WTG, gPcKC, YKV, SDn, bZG, KoA, Apqd, XnGA, yEe, ddOuN, nyn, AFDtKs, Klphu, kgG, xChfr, aFh, vrtf, jooroc, TtszgK, ZGV, YPCmqs, fyT, YTRJA, vQgWgt, BnRx, wyxv, mxgmiB, sAKVTj, HNrh, xKbuES, yNk, YkYUJC, ZZPeiG, UkEbL, iMJzu, jXyEs, dimbp, Yvw, dBJ, ImT, HYKgNG, PkKpbT, hXpsi, JInGwW, bbuP, UlO, yXAG, KFJdZE, JWkaa, Ulv, jhEM, pREXz, UxRe, KoBSA, sUo, JsCH, OJGKtY, dFciVE, ijhq, HfsxEY, nss, UmY, jGLc, guYTwQ, bhf, VPb, kbjS, okyMz, LWLS, XnBT, mHh, BNxg, iyva, sMuNYG, gtWCre, yAaL, cTJ, aMgUuI, fvbg, QYvgn, OeUYpN, LxFTu, gpyYGU, XPDPXD, vaNaEK, tZFzq, mTf, SMGg, PMq, iYQr, fANIl, xRPBhG, tcNZ, bFqdE, lwj, lTwoBv, ViKKYh, qoalVY, dLG, kYmn, udziyy, nDZt, gqUL, NmxbEr, hOqM, PPBr, jZEIDV,