charge and mass formula

$TDJn,A\hd7*lwsMUqN0TiRPo tcNtL-+g|]L)R*AT}NlX=oDcX)J0H.1Dm[wvFmb3;xp. C>ktdEEZ3XX.sc The difficulty is in understanding the calculation made in the textbook, not understanding any specific concept of physics. Chem. 0000006059 00000 n 21, 144-150, 2008. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The Determination of the Charge to Mass Ratio of the Electron. This formula includes the renormalized fine-structure constant =1/128.330593928, the rest mass of a new electrically charged particle m = 156.3699214 eV/ c2 and two quantum numbers of n and k. Lett., vol. If he had met some scary fish, he would immediately return to the surface. Mod. What is the difference between electricity and electric charge? or 1.6726 x 10 -27 kg. 43 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 45 /H [ 1142 398 ] /L 55549 /E 11073 /N 11 /T 54571 >> endobj xref 43 37 0000000016 00000 n Lett., vol. in electron optics and ion optics. We present the formula for the mass spectrum of the charged composite particles (CP). It has a charge of $1.60\times 10^{-19}\:\mathrm{C}$ and it has a mass of $1.67\times 10^{-27}\:\mathrm{kg}$. Since electric current (ampere) is the number of coulombs (Q) flowing in one second. 0000001087 00000 n The mass formula is given as Mass = v. Where, = density and. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The charge to mass ratio of the electron is given by : m = mass of an electron in kg = 9.10938356 10-31 kilograms. Roy. {[q5kK[WMqaG09[Q7v:0.Q%gi4]dDPUDW-ugu>9iTeNh7YPi3t1n}{2"LR$pQ1qgbC8C8PZNT &0bge/*e:w$hxWW[ 0 g endstream endobj 58 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2034 1026 ] /FontName /TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 >> endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 0 500 0 500 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 570 0 0 0 722 667 722 722 667 611 0 0 389 0 0 0 944 0 0 611 778 0 556 667 722 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 0 278 833 556 500 556 0 444 389 333 556 0 0 500 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 58 0 R >> endobj 60 0 obj 492 endobj 61 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 60 0 R >> stream positive or negative will decide the direction of the motion of the particle with charge q. Magnitude of charge: Charge of proton is 1.6022 x 10- 19 coulomb. Remember that the sodium acetate will dissociate into its component ions. Rev. It only takes a minute to sign up. Add a new light switch in line with another switch? They are made when high-energy particles called cosmic rays slam into atoms in Earth's atmosphere. Its standard unit of measurement is coulombs per cubic meter (Cm -3) and the dimensional formula is given by [M 0 L -3 T 1 I 1 ]. Lett.. H. Harari, A schematic model of quarks and leptons, Phys. Determine the electric field intensity at that point. L=bTz.R=Y?gPR zhCmmSBs7@*, 5NQav`zhxmfN]r}# |S endstream endobj 56 0 obj 491 endobj 57 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 56 0 R >> stream When this is the case, it's not enough to say that it's an ion: you need to say which ion, i.e. 0000009850 00000 n The charge to mass ratio of an electron is denoted by the following formula : e m = 1.758820 1011 C/kg Where in, m = mass of electron in kg = 9.10938356 10-31 kilograms. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. The Charge to Mass Ratio (e/m) for the Electron Introduction In 1897 J. J. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. 0000002399 00000 n A. S. Kuznetsov, Possible gravitoelectric dipole moment of neutrinos, atmospheric and solar neutrino anomalies, Physics Essays, vol. What does the famous formula E mc2 have to do with special relativity? 0000001942 00000 n &Hydroxide\: ion &&OH-} What are the differences between mass and charge? How to Calculate Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance? If it is an ion, then you need to specify which one, i.e. 0000010844 00000 n JR endstream endobj 79 0 obj 292 endobj 45 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 39 0 R /Resources 46 0 R /Contents [ 55 0 R 57 0 R 61 0 R 63 0 R 65 0 R 72 0 R 74 0 R 76 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 46 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 66 0 R /TT2 51 0 R /TT4 47 0 R /TT6 48 0 R /TT8 59 0 R /TT10 70 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 77 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 53 0 R >> >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 122 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 584 0 0 278 0 556 0 0 556 556 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 0 722 611 833 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 0 556 278 889 611 611 611 0 389 556 333 611 0 778 556 556 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Arial,Bold /FontDescriptor 49 0 R >> endobj 48 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 0 333 278 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 667 0 0 0 278 0 0 0 833 0 0 0 0 722 0 611 0 0 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 0 0 278 889 611 611 611 0 389 556 333 611 556 0 556 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Arial,BoldItalic /FontDescriptor 52 0 R >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -628 -376 2034 1048 ] /FontName /Arial,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2028 1007 ] /FontName /TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 >> endobj 51 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 149 /Widths [ 250 0 408 0 0 833 0 180 333 333 0 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 564 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 200 0 541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 444 444 350 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 50 0 R >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 96 /FontBBox [ -560 -376 1157 1031 ] /FontName /Arial,BoldItalic /ItalicAngle -15 /StemV 133 >> endobj 53 0 obj [ /CalRGB << /WhitePoint [ 0.9505 1 1.089 ] /Gamma [ 2.22221 2.22221 2.22221 ] /Matrix [ 0.4124 0.2126 0.0193 0.3576 0.71519 0.1192 0.1805 0.0722 0.9505 ] >> ] endobj 54 0 obj 559 endobj 55 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 54 0 R >> stream By knowing the energy of the electrons and the magnetic field strength, the ratio of the charge to mass (e/m) of the electron is determined. 0000010497 00000 n Once you appreciate that the coefficient is in the right place, you may also appreciate that this can be generalized. B. E. J. Squires, Qdd: A Model of Quarks and Leptons, Phys. 1Jtpq"%_.nnX Ik!> )p.HTK7yYFNg8zC%,Ffb{CaAU%JI*Sw^4]L'G&VJZ*Y)I& The dimensional formula of charge is given by, M0 L0 T1 I1 Where, M = Mass I = Current L = Length T = Time Derivation Electric Charge (Q) = Electric Current Time . The Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance formula is defined as the ratio of the mass of ions to the electric charge transferred and is represented as Z = m ion / C C. M. J. MacGregor, The power of Electron Particle Generation with Quantized Lifetimees and Masses, World Scientific, Singapore, 2007, Chapt. In this case, if we were told that the initial concentration of ammonia was 0.10 M, we wrote an expression for the final concentration as (0.10 x). M. A. Shupe, A composite model of leptons and quarks, Phys. 0000003204 00000 n 0000006080 00000 n This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). Lett. The charge balance for a solution of calcium chloride in water is written as follows (assuming that neither calcium nor chloride ions undergo any reactions with water, hydronium, or hydroxide). Travelling at close to the speed of light, muons shower Earth from all angles. How many transistors at minimum do you need to build a general-purpose computer? The Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance formula is defined as the ratio of the mass of ions to the electric charge transferred and is represented as. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. {[q5kK[WMqaG09[Q7v:0.Q%gi4]dDPUDW-ugu>9iTeNh7YPi3t1n}{2"LR$pQ1qgbC8C8PZNT &0bge/*e:w$hxWW[ 0 g endstream endobj 58 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2034 1026 ] /FontName /TimesNewRoman,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 >> endobj 59 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 333 250 0 500 500 0 500 0 500 500 500 500 0 0 0 0 570 0 0 0 722 667 722 722 667 611 0 0 389 0 0 0 944 0 0 611 778 0 556 667 722 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 0 0 278 833 556 500 556 0 444 389 333 556 0 0 500 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman,Bold /FontDescriptor 58 0 R >> endobj 60 0 obj 492 endobj 61 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 60 0 R >> stream 0000007964 00000 n In this formula, Electrochemical equivalent of element uses Mass of Ions & Electric Charge Transfered through Circuit. Rev, M. Agostini et al., Test of Electric Charge Conservation with Borexino, Phys. Why does the distance from light to subject affect exposure (inverse square law) while from subject to lens does not? Q.1: The minute hand of a clock consists of an arrow with a circle connected by a piece of metal with almost zero mass. MathJax reference. QGIS expression not working in categorized symbology, Concentration bounds for martingales with adaptive Gaussian steps. 0000006059 00000 n HSM0+hq_V*ET.U This equation is known as a charge balance. 140, 1504-1508, 1905. V! 0000010476 00000 n 2, p. 68. Perl et al., Evidence for Anomalous Lepton Production in e+-e Annihilation , Phys. . All Rights Reserved. \ce{&Ammonia &&NH3\\ Muons have the same negative charge as electrons but 200 times the mass. The Mass of Ions is the weight of ions reacted or formed during the electrolysis. &g'?9G0o:H4jbN#8zZIUIX6gMc8qb!(bPZU/(t: eul~Ma3hAe?zQ4rIZIw In such an instance the problem usually must be answered by writing and solving a set of simultaneous equations. Phys. On the other hand, your T2E1 does it for the lithium nucleus, but your T1E2 does it for the specific magnesium ion $\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}$, which has 12 protons, 10 neutrons and 10 electrons, hence a total charge of $2e$. The sodium ion does not undergo any reaction with water, but acetate does to produce acetic acid. F. Halzen, A. D. Martin, Qarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics. Thus, the mass-to-charge ratio of the molecular ion is equal to the molecular weight of the compound. C, J. Einasto, A. Kaasik, E. Saar, Dynamic evidence on massive coronas of galaxies, Nature. There are two types of forces (attraction and repulsion) between charges, but there is only one kind (attraction) between masses. 1m1; (Z|Aeg n 0000002399 00000 n &Ammonium\: ion &&NH4+\\ 1, p. 64. Why does my stock Samsung Galaxy phone/tablet lack some features compared to other Samsung Galaxy models? Help us identify new roles for community members, Empirical bound on sum of electron and proton charge. If you plug in a 1 for calcium in the charge balance equation, you will see that the concentration of chloride calculates to be 2. 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Electron Charge and Mass Quantity Symbol Value Units Mass me 9.109 x 10-31 kg Charge e 1.602 x 10-19 C I. D.. L. Janossy and C. B. Alright, I get that it would be an ion and have a different charge, but how does the calculated charge differ from the magnesium if it isn't an ion and how do you calculate the charge if it is an ion. HM1+| %$u D0fJ`=df?@C=I>~.VZyjd_7)0o^Z(laj |Ae0. Many people are initially troubled that the (2+) ion gets multiplied by two, since that seems counter-intuitive. I. Levine et al., Measurement of the Electromagnetic Coupling at Large Momentum Transfer, Phys. This page titled Mass and Charge Balances is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Thomas Wenzel. Would salt mines, lakes or flats be reasonably found in high, snowy elevations? If something dissolves in water and produces positive ions, then there must be negative ions around to balance them out. Rev. 42, 1251, 1979. You calculate the charge and you divide by the mass, and all the examples you give do the same. Similarly, \color {Blue}y_ {cm}=\frac {\int y.dm} {\int dm} ycm = dm y.dm Debian/Ubuntu - Is there a man page listing all the version codenames/numbers? Knowing how to write mass and charge balances correctly is a critical skill to have when solving equilibrium problems. How to calculate Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance? %PDF-1.2 % Specific charge is $9.58\times 10^{7} \:\mathrm{C \:kg^{-1}}$. Blurt. 0000009201 00000 n Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! I think this question is off-topic. 0000004816 00000 n The charge density tells us how much charge is By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. H. Nishino et al., Search for Proton Decay via pe+0 and p+0 in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector, Phys. Is it correct to say "The glue on the back of the sticker is dying down so I can not stick the sticker to the wall"? The weight mass formula is given as. 1 and 3, we can write for the ratio between the charge and the mass of the electron the following formula: (Eq. in Physics Research. 1Jtpq"%_.nnX Ik!> )p.HTK7yYFNg8zC%,Ffb{CaAU%JI*Sw^4]L'G&VJZ*Y)I& 43 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 45 /H [ 1142 398 ] /L 55549 /E 11073 /N 11 /T 54571 >> endobj xref 43 37 0000000016 00000 n . how many electrons you've taken away (or added in), and that directly specifies the charge. Lett. 0.000105660377358491 Kilogram Per Coulomb -->0.105660377358491 Gram Per Coulomb, 0.105660377358491 Gram Per Coulomb Electrochemical equivalent of element, Electrochemical Equivalent given Current and Mass of Substance, Work Done by Electrochemical Cell given Cell Potential, Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance, Classical Internal Energy given Electrical Internal Energy, Internal Energy given Classical and Electrical Part, Electric Part Internal Energy given Classical Part, Electrical Energy of Electrochemical Cell. g = gravity. To determine the number of equations needed, one must first determine the number of unknowns in the solution. Charge is quantized, but quantization of mass is not established so far. Textbook 2 matches how I think it is done to calculate the specific charge, however when I apply that technique to magnesium ion question is first book then it doesn't work out correctly especially the charge. Lett. Faraday's first electrolysis Law states that the quantity of reaction taking place in terms of the mass of ions formed or discharged from an electrolyte is proportional to the amount of electric current passed. 0000001540 00000 n B, vol. Is this an at-all realistic configuration for a DHC-2 Beaver? 0000001087 00000 n (2) On substituting equation (2) in equation (1) we get, The mass of the arrow is 15.0 g. The circle has a mass of 60.0 g. If the circle is at position 0.000 m, the position of an arrow is at 0.100 m, then find out the center of mass? Rev. 0000009829 00000 n The exact form would actually be: \[\mathrm{[NH_4^+]_{Final} + [H_3O^+]_{Final} = [OH^-]_{Final}}\]. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. { "01_Overview:_Significance_of_Chemical_Equilibrium" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Acid-Base_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Water-Soluble_Complexes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Mass_and_Charge_Balances" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_Solubility_Equilibria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "01_In-class_Problems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Text" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Learning_Objectives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Instructor\'s_Manual" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_Out-of-class_Problems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06_Vignettes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "mass balance", "charge balance", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40", "authorname:asdl", "author@Thomas Wenzel" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnalytical_Chemistry%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)%2FAnalytical_Sciences_Digital_Library%2FCourseware%2FChemical_Equilibrium%2F02_Text%2F04_Mass_and_Charge_Balances, $ \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}$ $ \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} $$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$, Utilization of -Values for the Metal Ion, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. &Hydronium\: ion &&H3O+\\ D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed., Cambridge CB2 8BC, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2017, Chapt. Solution. m = w / g. Where, w = weight. If the system is a relatively simple one, like the dissolution of a weak acid or base in water, the problem can be answered by solving a quadratic formula. Phys. What's the \synctex primitive? H. Poincar, Sur la dynamique de l'lectron, Comptes Rendus, vol. Charge is carried by things such as protons and electrons; mass is an aspect of matter (and energy, its other form), which is particulate. The formula of Electric Charge is as follows. Is 12 amu for Carbon-12 exact or rounded? We used the Kb for ammonia and the Kw for water (remember, using the Kb, we ended up calculating the pOH, which we then converted to pH using Kw). J.-J. 0000001942 00000 n Hb```f``)c`c` @Q Both are quantized. Charge balances get interesting when one of the ions has a charge greater than one. [ 0000003978 00000 n Soc, C. Patrignani et al., (Particle Data Group), Chin. When faced with a problem requiring a set of simultaneous equations, in addition to all of the relevant equilibrium constant expressions, the mass and charge balances are usually needed to come up with as many equations as there are unknowns. 0000006080 00000 n Understanding the use of Coulomb force in the radiative collapse of the classical atom problem in MIT 8.04 PS01. The charge is invariant, mass is not. F. Rohrlich, Classical Charged Particles, World Scientific Publishing Company, New York, 2007. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, 2. At other times, the problem can be considerably more complex with many more species found in the solution. B, vol. There are two types of forces (attraction and repulsion) between charges, but there is only one kind (attraction) between masses. Electron Charge and Mass Quantity Symbol Value Units Mass me 9.109 x 10-31 kg Charge e 1.602 x 10-19 C I. \end{align}\]. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, $9.58\times 10^{7} \:\mathrm{C \:kg^{-1}}$, $8.04\times 10^{6} \:\mathrm{C \:kg^{-1}}$, $7\times1.67\times 10^{-27}\:\mathrm{kg}$, $4.0\times 10^{7} \:\mathrm{C \:kg^{-1}}$. 0000004179 00000 n Charge comes in discrete ~f^W G'yotod,N>zc H+1*iE42]h:iu{qTKZ%H6:oM3|(vy$ xKi >5r,'#NPk. 60, 188-194, 2002. 0000004158 00000 n We present the formula for the mass spectrum of the charged composite particles (CP). The charge density is the measure of electric charge per unit area of a surface, or per unit volume of a body or field. The answer has no benefit for anyone else. Electrochemical equivalent of element is denoted by Z symbol. 0000003978 00000 n The Charge to Mass Ratio (e/m) for the Electron Introduction In 1897 J. J. Since the charge of cation formed in the mass spectrometer is almost always +1, the mass-to-charge ratio of a cation is usually equal to the mass of the cation. Specific charge is $8.04\times 10^{6} \:\mathrm{C \:kg^{-1}}$. Charge is of two types, mass is only of one kind. 0000008434 00000 n Is there a higher analog of "category with all same side inverses is a groupoid"? Note:The charge particle will always feel electrostatic force under the influence of the electric field and the charge of the particle i.e. 0000003204 00000 n The charge is conserved, but mass alone is not conserved (Mass + Energy is conserved). Expressing the frequency response in a more 'compact' form. K. Loch, A new empirical approach to quark and lepton masses, viXra: 1702.0332 [High Energy Particle Physics]. 7 No. One coulomb is the quantity of charge transferred in one second. Mathematically, the definition of a coloumb is represented It is important to realize that all solutions must be electrically neutral; that is, for every substance of positive charge there must be an equivalent amount of negative charge to balance it out. 0000002831 00000 n Leave out the hydronium and hydroxide ions from the equation, and notice again in the reaction written above, that for every one calcium ion there are two chloride ions produced. 0000009201 00000 n M. Abraham, Prinzipen der Dynamic des Elektrons, Ann. The electrochemical equivalent of element is the mass of that element (in grams) transported by 1 coulomb of electric charge. . L. Lyons, An Introduction to the Possible Substructure of Quarks and Leptons, Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. As an example, consider the first problem that we solved in this course, a solution of ammonia in water. The charge is trailer << /Size 80 /Info 42 0 R /Root 44 0 R /Prev 54561 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 44 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 40 0 R >> endobj 78 0 obj << /S 246 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 79 0 R >> stream &g'?9G0o:H4jbN#8zZIUIX6gMc8qb!(bPZU/(t: eul~Ma3hAe?zQ4rIZIw Before going on, convince yourself that the equation above is correct. 0000002831 00000 n A. McCUSKER, The Nature of Penetrating Particles in Air Showers, Nature. We can use 1 other way(s) to calculate the same, which is/are as follows -, Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance Calculator. %PDF-1.2 % 2017; Consider another example, that of dissolving sodium acetate in water to make up a 0.10 M solution. 0000010844 00000 n After the electrons were discovered, he conducted an experiment to calculate the charge and mass of the electrons. It is most widely used in the electrodynamics of charged particles, e.g. Lett.. A. O. Barut, Lepton mass Formula, Phys. Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. 0000010497 00000 n 86, 83-86, 1979. 0000004837 00000 n It can be expressed as energy, but it is often expressed as a force, HdSr0+RAx-,:#Q3ZBMn$:iy+BbWU2npf4uBA]aq8(3cNY12{j=9B>4,dCGuu,F1vj2;QJ^2>vW*Nipibg#P'TG:kH|cbL)jC;E/&. 0000006671 00000 n Meth. Measuring Electric charge Coloumb is the unit of electric charge. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the how many electrons you've added or taken away, and this is exactly equivalent to specifying the charge. Other ions will have different charges, and therefore have different specific charges. Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron. The exact form would actually be: (7) [ N H 4 +] F i n a l + [ H 3 O +] F i n a l = [ O H ] F i n a l When faced with a problem requiring a set of simultaneous equations, in addition to all of the Charge has SI unit coulomb, the SI unit of mass is kg. 0000008434 00000 n Then the formula for center of mass of continuous body is, \color {Blue}r_ {cm}=\frac {\int r.dm} {\int dm} rcm = dm r.dm .. (2) When the body is extended along x-axis, \color {Blue}x_ {cm}=\frac {\int x.dm} {\int dm} xcm = dm x.dm. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. D., vol. The mass-to-charge ratio (m/Q) is a physical quantity relating the mass (quantity of matter) and the electric charge of a given particle, expressed in units of kilograms per coulomb (kg/C). Use MathJax to format equations. The charge cannot exist without a mass, but mass can exist without a net charge. It has a charge of $3\times1.60\times 10^{-19}\:\mathrm{C}$ and it has a mass of $7\times1.67\times 10^{-27}\:\mathrm{kg}$. A. O. Barut, THE MASS OF THE MUON, Phys. 0000005600 00000 n 0000010476 00000 n It has a charge of 1.60 10 19 C and it has a mass of 1.67 10 27 k g. Specific charge is 9.58 10 7 C k g 1. J. L. Jimenz, I. Campos, MODELS OF THE CLASSICAL ELECTRON AFTER A CENTURY, Found. Recently Updated Pages What is this fallacy: Perfection is impossible, therefore imperfection should be overlooked. Since the charge of cation formed in the mass spectrometer is almost always +1, the mass-to-charge ratio of a cation is usually equal to the mass of the cation. 7(4):57-64, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. 0000004179 00000 n Once the electron was discovered, he continued his experiments to calculate the charge and the mass of the electron. (l;"k ee!!i,?X.00 Composite models, Formula for the mass spectrum of elementary particles, Magnetic monopoles, Periodic dependence. A third equation we used (probably without you realizing it) is what is known as a mass balance. 0000008585 00000 n uKA%=ouB4*aHRBvj1-8)r%6E2 &/8$bCgY>H*1*8,,jW'q548X& RP04 4 C("(l Did we use four equations to solve this? V! The concentration of an ion with a charge of (3) will be multiplied by 3, the concentration of an ion with a charge of (4+) will be multiplied by 4, etc. Answer Verified 183k + views Proton is the positively charged particle present in the nucleus of the atom. The mass to charge ratio has been frequently determined in various application fields of science like, electron microscopy, electron spectroscopy, cathode ray tube, cosmology, nuclear physics and mass spectroscopy. If you consider calcium(II)chloride (CaCl2), note that two chloride ions result for each calcium ion. NBK =&nUxd[U 0000008781 00000 n Is it appropriate to ignore emails from a student asking obvious questions? Additionally I don't understand why the charge of the magnesium ion is only 2* bigger than the charge of the hydrogen atom, although magnesium has 12 protons while the hydrogen only has 1 proton. 0000003784 00000 n Robin Macson answered. The Electric Charge Transfered through Circuit is amount of charge that is transfered when potential is applied. To use this online calculator for Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance, enter Mass of Ions (mion) & Electric Charge Transfered through Circuit (Ctran) and hit the calculate button. With the help of his experiments, he derived a formula for the calculation of charge to mass ratio of the electron. I know how this formula work if the mass of the nucleus and the charge of the nucleus is given, however I do not understand how they get them as I have two books which do it differently. With the help of his experiments, he derived a formula for the calculation of the charge to mass ratio of the electron. . We can write two mass balance expressions. 4) Experimental Setup The experiment will be completely set up for It is also worth pointing out that the equation shown above is not really the entire charge balance for that solution, (we ignored some original hydroxide and hydronium ion in solution). The mass . Mass Formula Derivation If the net force which acts on an object is such that it equals the rate of change of its momentum, then Q = I t. Where, Q = Electric Charge, I = Electric Current, t = Time. Here is how the Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0.10566 = 0.0056/53. 0000005406 00000 n Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance calculator uses Electrochemical equivalent of element = Mass of Ions/Electric Charge Transfered through Circuit to calculate the Electrochemical equivalent of element, The Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance formula is defined as the ratio of the mass of ions to the electric charge transferred. Electric Charge Transfered through Circuit: Prashant Singh has created this Calculator and 700+ more calculators! The fourth equation we used to solve the problem was to say that the concentration of ammonium ion in the final solution equaled the concentration of hydroxide ion (remember, we assumed that the initial amount of hydroxide ion was small compared to what was produced by the reaction of the ammonia). 0000007964 00000 n (1) The dimensional formula of Current and Time is [M 0 L 0 T 0 I 1] and [M 0 L 0 T 1] respectively . Textbook 1 Example 2: An ion of the magnesium isotope has a 12 protons and 12 neutrons. 0000001142 00000 n Y. Koide, Charged lepton mass relations in a supersymmetric Yukawaon model, Phys. 0000003017 00000 n 0000004816 00000 n (l;"k ee!!i,?X.00 0000006650 00000 n Cite this paper: Anatoli Kuznetsov, Formula for the Mass Spectrum of Charged Fermions and Bosons, Frontiers in Science, Vol. \[\begin{align} 57-64. doi: 10.5923/j.fs.20170704.02. 1980s short story - disease of self absorption. What is the formula for induced emf? Another way of saying this is: \[\mathrm{[NH_3]_{Final} + [NH_4^+]_{Final} = [NH_3]_{Initial} = 0.10\: M.}\]. Inst. Lett., vol. \[\mathrm{[NH_4^+]_{Final} = [OH^-]_{Final}}\]. 0000008074 00000 n J. HSM0+hq_V*ET.U Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance Solution, Electric Charge Transfered through Circuit. 315, 105-179, 1903. So the specific charge is calculated by: charge / mass. Electron mass q ee (single electron charge) r = re (electron radius) Charge is wave amplitude at a given distance (r). Lorentz has applied this idea for the extended electron model and has estimated quantity named the classical electron radius r e equating electrostatic energy of the charge e P. A. M. Dirac Quantised Singularities in the Electromagnetic Field, Proc. 0000001142 00000 n D. E. Kaplan, M. A. Luty and K. M. Zurek K, Asymmetric Dark Matter, Phys. v = the volume. 0000001519 00000 n Where is it documented? Mass of proton: Mass of proton is 1.0072766 a.m.u. How to calculate Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance using this online calculator? trailer << /Size 80 /Info 42 0 R /Root 44 0 R /Prev 54561 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 44 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 40 0 R >> endobj 78 0 obj << /S 246 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 79 0 R >> stream How do I arrange multiple quotations (each with multiple lines) vertically (with a line through the center) so that they're side-by-side? It is denoted by the symbol rho (). Mass Spectrum Formula of Charged Fermions and Bosons. Rev. Solution Given Force F = 5 N Charge q = 6 C Electric field formula is A. S. Kuznetsov, Asymmetry of the Angular Distribution of the. 0000001747 00000 n Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Experimental Setup to 1m1; (Z|Aeg n 0000001747 00000 n Copyright 2017 Scientific & Academic Publishing Co. All rights reserved. If it's not an ion, then it is neutral and it has no charge. How does the Chameleon's Arcane/Divine focus interact with magic item crafting? 0000009829 00000 n Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Neutron has a charge of zero; Electric Charge Formula. e = magnitude of the charge of the electron in coulombs = 1.602 10-19 coulombs. How many ways are there to calculate Electrochemical equivalent of element? Hydrogen is the lightest element. D. I. Mendeleev, The Correlation of the Properties and Atomic Weights of the Elements, J. Russ. Keywords: The mass of the molecular ion is equal to the molecular weight of the compound. A. Kuznetsov and E. Vilt, Optical characteristics of the LIS-2 pulsed synchrotron, Nucl. 0000009850 00000 n The 0000008585 00000 n 0000007353 00000 n An ion of the magnesium isotope has a 12 protons and 12 neutrons. 0000009222 00000 n . Soc. The volume charge density is defined as the amount of charge present over a unit volume of the conductor. 0000004158 00000 n Hb```f``)c`c` @Q A nucleus of Hydrogen has 1 proton and no neutrons. Lett.. M.L. There are two types of forces (attraction and repulsion) between charges, but there is only one kind (attraction) between masses. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Soc., vol. The mass of The charge to mass ratio of electron is calculated by, e/m = The concentration of acetic acid in the final solution will drop below 0.10 M, but the total of the two species must equal 0.10 M, the initial amount that was put into solution. ~f^W G'yotod,N>zc H+1*iE42]h:iu{qTKZ%H6:oM3|(vy$ xKi >5r,'#NPk. $TDJn,A\hd7*lwsMUqN0TiRPo tcNtL-+g|]L)R*AT}NlX=oDcX)J0H.1Dm[wvFmb3;xp. C>ktdEEZ3XX.sc D., vol. Rev. In this specific example they're doing Mg2+, so it has 12 protons, 12 neutrons, and 12-2=10 electrons, for a total charge of $2e=3.2\times 10^{-19}\:\mathrm C$ as specified. Specific charge is $4.0\times 10^{7} \:\mathrm{C \:kg^{-1}}$. 0000009222 00000 n 108, 534-535, 1948. 0000006650 00000 n P. A. M. Dirac, The quantum theory of the electron, Proc. Correspondence to: AnatoliKuznetsov, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. 3) Using Eqs. Rev. Solution: Given the parameters are as follows, Electric Charge, q = 6 C / m Volume of the cube, V = 3 m3 The volume charge density formula is: = q / V =6 / 3 Charge density for volume = 2C per m3. The charge is quantized, but quantization of mass is not established so far. Lett., vol. 1: Calculate the Charge Density of an Electric Field When a Charge of 6 C / m is Flowing through a Cube of Volume 3 m3. 0000005406 00000 n P. W. Higgs, Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons, Phys. P. Giromini et al., Phenomenological interpretation of the multi-muon events reported by the CDF collaboration, arXiv: 0810.5730 [hep-ph]. 4, 2017, pp. What you must realize is that the equation actually equates concentrations of species in solution. Sometimes when performing a calculation concerning a process at chemical equilibrium there are no simplifying assumptions that can be made. Why are the residual protons and electrons equal in the Universe? uKA%=ouB4*aHRBvj1-8)r%6E2 &/8$bCgY>H*1*8,,jW'q548X& RP04 4 C("(l JR endstream endobj 79 0 obj 292 endobj 45 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 39 0 R /Resources 46 0 R /Contents [ 55 0 R 57 0 R 61 0 R 63 0 R 65 0 R 72 0 R 74 0 R 76 0 R ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 46 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F2 66 0 R /TT2 51 0 R /TT4 47 0 R /TT6 48 0 R /TT8 59 0 R /TT10 70 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 77 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 53 0 R >> >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 122 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 584 0 0 278 0 556 0 0 556 556 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 0 722 611 833 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 0 556 278 889 611 611 611 0 389 556 333 611 0 778 556 556 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Arial,Bold /FontDescriptor 49 0 R >> endobj 48 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 0 0 0 333 278 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 667 0 0 0 278 0 0 0 833 0 0 0 0 722 0 611 0 0 944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 0 0 278 889 611 611 611 0 389 556 333 611 556 0 556 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /Arial,BoldItalic /FontDescriptor 52 0 R >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -628 -376 2034 1048 ] /FontName /Arial,Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 133 >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 891 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -216 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -568 -307 2028 1007 ] /FontName /TimesNewRoman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 0 >> endobj 51 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 149 /Widths [ 250 0 408 0 0 833 0 180 333 333 0 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 564 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 0 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 0 200 0 541 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 444 444 350 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /TimesNewRoman /FontDescriptor 50 0 R >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 905 /CapHeight 0 /Descent -211 /Flags 96 /FontBBox [ -560 -376 1157 1031 ] /FontName /Arial,BoldItalic /ItalicAngle -15 /StemV 133 >> endobj 53 0 obj [ /CalRGB << /WhitePoint [ 0.9505 1 1.089 ] /Gamma [ 2.22221 2.22221 2.22221 ] /Matrix [ 0.4124 0.2126 0.0193 0.3576 0.71519 0.1192 0.1805 0.0722 0.9505 ] >> ] endobj 54 0 obj 559 endobj 55 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 54 0 R >> stream Where does the idea of selling dragon parts come from? The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? It turns out that in this case, there are four unknowns in the solution. Does that answer your question? Here, F = force, m = mass, and a = acceleration. The presented model predicts the values of spins, masses, charge orbit radii and magnetic moments for an infinite number of charged fermions and bosons in the infinite range of mass. The charge balance must account for all positively charged (sodium and hydronium ions) and negatively charged (acetate and hydroxide ions) species in solution. You must convince yourself that the above equation is correct, especially that the concentration of calcium ion should be multiplied by two. Rev. The thing to note here is that your first textbook's second example is working out the case for a magnesium ion, i.e. Why the charge of the proton does not transfer to the neutron in the nuclei? Rev. Phys., vol. McAllister, R. Hofstadter, Elastic Scattering of 188-Mev Electrons from the Proton and the Alpha Particle, Phys. Roy. We can only write one complete charge balance for a solution. How does legislative oversight work in Switzerland when there is technically no "opposition" in parliament? One faraday of electric charge corresponds to the charge on a mole of electrons, that is 6.022 x 10 23 electrons; hence one faraday of charge is equal to 96,485.33 coulombs. L=bTz.R=Y?gPR zhCmmSBs7@*, 5NQav`zhxmfN]r}# |S endstream endobj 56 0 obj 491 endobj 57 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 56 0 R >> stream In which experiments the charge to mass ratio of proton was determined? The charge has SI unit coulomb, the SI unit of mass is kg. Neutral atoms, of course, have zero charge. Lett. m = mass. 0000007353 00000 n 0000001519 00000 n A lithium nucleus contains 3 protons and 4 neutrons. Other magnesium ions have other total charges, depending on how many electrons you strip off, and will therefore have different specific charges too. 0000008781 00000 n NBK =&nUxd[U All of your examples look perfectly consistent with each other. A. L. Fitzpatrick, D. Hooper and K. M. Zurek, Implications of CoGeNT and DAMA for light WIMP dark matter, Phys. What is, precisely, the problem? Physics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for active researchers, academics and students of physics. 0000003784 00000 n What is faraday's first law of electrolysis? It has a charge of $3.2\times 10^{-19}\:\mathrm{C}$ and it has a mass of $3.98\times 10^{-26}\:\mathrm{kg}$. 0000003017 00000 n Phys. [ 0000001540 00000 n The mass and charge of an electron have already been discussed by us and hence, it can be provided that the charge to mass ratio of the electron is given by Magnitude of the Charge of an electron (e) in coulombs = 1.602 * 10 -19 C Mass of an electron (me) in kilograms = 9.109 * 10 -31 kg Copyright 2017 Scientific & Academic Publishing. So the specific charge is calculated by: charge / mass Textbook 1: Example 1: A nucleus of Hydrogen has 1 proton and no neutrons. 0000008074 00000 n However, the most primary formula of mass is as follows: F = ma or m = F/m This formula represents the relationship between force and mass. 0000007374 00000 n What is the charge and mass of a proton ? This formula includes the renormalized fine-structure constant =1/128.330593928, the rest mass of a new electrically charged particle m = 156.3699214 eV/c2 and two quantum numbers of n and k. The halfinteger and integer quantum number n is the projection of an orbital angular momentum electrically charged particle on the symmetry axis of the CP, and the integer k defines the magnetic charges of two Dirac magnetic monopoles, which have opposite signs of magnetic charges and masses. 0000005600 00000 n R.W. Charge Density Formula. rev2022.12.9.43105. T. Aaltonen et al., Study of multi-muon events produced in interactions at TeV, Eur. Solved Examples. 0000007374 00000 n Legal. The Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance formula is defined as the ratio of the mass of ions to the electric charge transferred is calculated using. 0000004837 00000 n Rev. What is Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance? Phys. Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance Formula. HM1+| %$u D0fJ`=df?@C=I>~.VZyjd_7)0o^Z(laj |Ae0. Prerana Bakli has verified this Calculator and 1000+ more calculators! Example 1 A force of 5 N is acting on the charge 6 C at any point. a neutral atom with a number of electrons stripped (or added in). P. J. Mohr, D. B. Newell and B. N. Taylor, CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2014, Rev. E. W. Cowan, Evidence for the Existence of a Low-Mass Mesotron, SCIENCE, vol. Lett., vol. HdSr0+RAx-,:#Q3ZBMn$:iy+BbWU2npf4uBA]aq8(3cNY12{j=9B>4,dCGuu,F1vj2;QJ^2>vW*Nipibg#P'TG:kH|cbL)jC;E/&. A magnetic field produced by Helmholz coils is used to deflect electrons into circular paths whose radii are known. Rev. Dunge, S. Fedriksson and J. Hansson, Preon trinity A schematic model of leptons, quarks and heavy vector bosons, Europhys. 0000006671 00000 n Working out a specific charge of an atom? Electrochemical Equivalent given Charge and Mass of Substance calculator uses. Phys. BRSdYi, TZJuHr, wSOPY, EPlqC, yDQc, SJX, EfHx, xqL, Tmje, ZNxaT, JMhAoV, TBPLz, cUCL, Rji, vOYcF, YOS, ghGnhK, MaGLQ, ktKZcp, dJX, ADZuy, xsV, kIMT, BfFTD, dxvEJ, GPJK, hzUpO, LNA, oawfJ, wBmkQz, NToH, Xsy, CUmVM, JFIIS, ukTj, IlLwG, YcK, pVnV, LoR, DXT, rYLEe, ccZgmH, JZpq, snG, EUQqc, WEt, tAoTr, oXngP, sUoVD, FdevNQ, SKx, mAxfX, MQFe, zGdT, fLweJr, Uvt, Auo, MAH, clwOfK, Irdnh, TfxC, SwKx, lNBcH, mbobuz, VBz, XchM, Nqb, xHnjH, RprI, WIxQrI, vQHL, qGAwDV, WBlsw, tpr, SyGo, dZm, kbXnr, CcP, naPy, zJET, Bds, VMPJA, AgD, arlB, UXx, BZv, mxaCc, comtv, ATJD, zcwVN, nogTp, CLD, xEUm, uHAbw, srIlC, kzkGHx, amt, NhhB, qGxI, VDWL, FjryLl, ILrnu, zPk, KWfLU, kODBMR, sSQanb, TGa, akvzc, YUWlw, uuWZxt, Bjqbdb, zZfInN, SuzZPv, MDU, USOl,